Nutrition And Athletics

Good Nutritional practices play a very critical role in the physical performance of not only human beings but also all living creatures. To excel in any endurance physical activity, all the body systems must perform since the bioenergetics’ functions of the muscles has to be sustained in order to function at peak levels. (Berning, J. and E. Hultman. 1972)Energy providing nutrients, carbohydrates, lipids (which are also known as fats), and proteins provide fuel for the bioenergetics reactions, vitamins and minerals on the other hand speeds up the rate the bioenergetics’ reaction (acts as a catalysts); where water acts as a solvent for all these reactions and also serves as a cooling agents for the body from the heat which is produced by the bioenergetics reactions. (Bobb, A et al. 1969) All these nutrients are needed in appropriate quantities so as to enable the body function efficiently especially during exercise or sport. (Singh,V. N. 1992)Food is the major source of a ll these nutrients although sometimes nutritional supplements are used during critical times especially when a performer needs urgent nourishment either through oral or through introversions (IV) infusion. The gastro intestinal tract (GIT) helps to break down this food into smaller components (digests) so as to ease the process of absorption. The body cells then utilize the absorbed nutrients for all metabolic reactions in the body including energy production. (Asterita M. F, 1986) Studies show that the foods eaten today serves as a body part in the future therefore nutrition is very essential.This paper discusses the dietary requirements of an athlete, especially essential nutrients with regard to their forms, functions, food source, dietary recommendations and deficiency risks. BODY Athletes like all intensive /endurance physical activities is a high energy consuming exercise therefore diet is very critical and very essential for the health and performance of an athlete. However, Nutritional requirements for an athlete vary from one athlete to another depending on the time taken during training and actual performance. (Brouns, F. 1993)The aims of good nutrition in an athlete according to, (Buskirk, E. R 1997) include: o To help the athlete recover from performance or training o To prepare the athlete for performance or training o And to maintain the level of performance or training of an athlete Therefore unless an athlete is well nourished he/she may not exploit his/her full potential. This nutrition involves a balanced diet which is regular and with the required amount of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and water. The individual nutrient requirements and the deficiency side effects include: CarbohydrateCarbohydrate is a very important source for an athlete. It is required to help the athlete sustain the high level of the activity and to prevent muscle cramps and fatigue. (Consolazio, C. F, and H. L. Johnson. 1972). Carbohydrate in the body is s tored in the muscles and the liver as glycogen and these stores must be continuously replenished. (Burke, . L. M, et al. 1991) Research shows that a person can store enough glycogen in the body to help him/her sustain an exercise for a period between 90 minutes to 120 minutes but however taking a diet low in carbohydrates can reduce this time to less than 60 minutes.  (Chen, J . D. 1993)Recommended carbohydrate An athlete is supposed to consume a meal containing between 7-10g of carbohydrates per kilograms, body weight of the individual athletes per day (7-10g/kg/bwt/day) consequently he/she should consume a pre-exercise meal 1-4 hours prior to the event and the meal should contain 1-4g of carbohydrate per kilogram body weight, however if the exercise is prolonged, one has to consume a carbohydrate during the exercise and these should be 30-60 carbohydrate per hour.If the athlete is to participate in frequent activities he/she needs to consume in immediate post –exercise ca rbohydrate which is meant to aid in recovery in readiness for another performance (Bucci . L . 1995). He also says that this meal should contain 50-1000g of carbohydrate after every two hour until the normal meals resume. Signs of inadequate intake according to (Buxbaum, R, and L . J . M icheli) include: o Muscle heaviness o Lack of energy to train o Inability to concentrate for an extended period of time especially during an event o Poor recovery between training sessionsGenerally the carbohydrate requirement for an athlete will depend on the body weight, height, training, regime e. g. (Intensity and duration), Type of training and the gender of the athlete. Protein Requirements Protein is needed by an individual since it is involved in the building and repair of muscles and tissues the red blood cells, hair, finger nails, as well as synthesis of hormones. It is also required so as to reduce chances of development of iron deficiency anemia and improving the healing process incase o f an injury or disease. (American Dietetic Association and Canadian Dietetic Association, 1993).They further say that adolescent and adult athletes require 0. 6-0. 9g of proteins per kilogram per body weight per day (0. 6-0. 9g of protein/kg/bwt/day). During an intensive or enduring exercise energy production takes priority over tissue building however very little proteins is used as fuel when calorie supply is adequate in the body studies reveal that the best nutrients to provide fuel in athletic are carbohydrates and fats but they are inadequate or depleted gluconeogenesis takes place (process of converting non-carbohydrate sources such as Proteins to carbohydrates) to convert proteins in carbohydrates so as to provide energy.Proteins are the major sources of nitrogen in the body and nitrogen wastes produced after protein digestion require a lot of energy to eliminate which may otherwise be used during the event however nitrogen wastes are minimal when carbohydrates are adequate. Vitamins and Minerals. Fats are divided into two classes, first Fat soluble vitamins which include Vitamin A, D, E and K and second water soluble Vitamins which include Vitamin C and B complex vitamins.The body requires all these vitamins in amounts exceeding the recommended Dietary allowances especially in endurance exercises such as athletics but however care should be taken on fat soluble vitamins since if taken excess they may lead to toxicity which is detrimental to the health and eventually performance, but studies have shown that even if vitamins can be taken without conditions they do not contribute directly to the performance of an athlete, however, the reactions which the body uses to provide it with energy are controlled by chemicals which are mostly made up of vitamins and minerals that the body can only obtain from the diet.  (Allan ,J . G ,and K . A ,Overbaugh).Minerals on the other hand are very important in the health and performance of an athlete in that they act as catalysts and hence speeds the rate of reactions of energy provisions in the body. These minerals include calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, sulphur, potassium, sodium and chloride. It is therefore advisable that foods hat are high in vitamins and minerals especially fruits, green leafy vegetables, carrots as well as high biological valve proteins should be high in an athlete’s diet.Fats Fats are important sources of energy in the body. The body stores fat in the adipose tissue and under the skin it is the last to be used by the body incase of starvation or depletion of carbohydrates and fat stores in the body. However, in endurance sports especially athletics, excess body fat will often be detrimental to performance. This is because the increase in fat stores consequently raises the body weight and also the body uses a lot of energy to break down fats into fats acids so that it can be used.  (Chavez A, C et al, 1969)Excess fat in the body is not only caused by consumption of high fat diet but also by consuming large amounts of carbohydrates especially simple and sweet carbohydrates since they cause fat storage. Athletes are advised to consume high complex / high glycemic index carbohydrates since it releases energy slowly to the cells thus there is reduced fat storage. However athletes should eat smaller meals than non-sports people but in frequent intervals. Water Water is a non-calorific food because it does not give any calories to the body but it is extremely necessary.This is because the larger percentage about (60%) of the body is water and even small amounts of dehydration can have major effects on the performance of an individual. (Bobb, A, D . et al 1969) Water helps the body by protecting it against overheating (cools the body) and also as a means (blood) of transport for most substances in the body. Dehydration is very fatal in sports since it leads to reduced ability to exercise in the heat and also reduced mental skills such as concentr ation and decision making.Consumption of water is the key to optimal hydration but fluids such as diluted fluid juice or weak squash drinks after can help optimize hydration. While exercising athletes are often weighed before and after a session so that the fluid that has been lost can be replaced quickly. (Berning. J. R and S . N. Steen. 1991) Conclusion For excellence in exercise and sports, all body system must perform efficiently especially the muscles. This can only be enhanced through good nutritional practices. The body gets all the nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids/fats, vitamins and minerals) from the food on consumer or nutrient supplements.Athletes require higher amounts of carbohydrates than other nutrients since they are the major sources of energy: however, other nutrients can be converted to carbohydrate through the process of gluconeogenesis incase there is inadequate carbohydrates or there is depletion of carbohydrate in the liver and muscles where it is st ored in the form of glycogen. Water which is defined as a non calorific food is very important in an athlete since the highest percentage of the body is water and even small amounts of dehydration can have significant effects on the performance (both sporting and mental performance).Additionally high fluid levels in the body help to protect it against overheating and also provide the means (blood) of transport for most substances in the body. The body’s digestive system breaks down food into smaller components which are easily absorbed by the body cells and tissues and utilized during an exercise. Diet therefore plays a very important part in the health and performance (both physical and mental performance) of an individual and should be taken seriously.

Early in the play Macbeth caleed lady

This essay will examine the context of Shakespeare's Macbeth and primarily delve into the relationship of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth as a partnership to determine whether, or not, their marriage is based on equal terms, or how this emphasizes her strength of mind that often overpowers his moral beliefs. As well as interpreting one another's attitudes when not in scenes together and how they differ when separated. It will also analyse their personalities varied stances and how they express them through vocabulary from the beginning of the first act throughout the course of the play until their inevitable demise. This will ultimately define the quote, â€Å"my dearest partner of greatness†. Before Macbeth is seen and Lady Macbeth is mentioned, their characters are built on the compliments of others. In Act 1 Scene 2 the captain says â€Å"For Brave Macbeth-well he deserves that name†. Explaining early of Macbeth's brave and ruthless prowess in battle, later in this scene Ross describes him as â€Å"Bellona's Bridegroom†, more of a remark directed at Lady Macbeth and is in fact the first mention of her in the play. Bellona is the ancient Roman goddess of war and is not the only reference to ancient Rome in the play. The other obvious boasting of Macbeth comes in Duncan's constant gratitude and awe, frequently describing him as â€Å"Noble Macbeth† or â€Å"O worthiest Cousin!†, Act 1 scene 2 and act 1 scene 4, respectively. Therefore when the audience first meet Macbeth in the scene 3 of the first Act and he confronts the witches, it is his reputation that proceeds him as he's not quite timid but hesitant to communicate with the mystical strangers that confront him before Banquo addresses them. He is also doubtfully sceptical whether to believe their foretelling: â€Å"Not within the prospect of belief†, as one would be in a situation until his evidence is disclosed in the form of Ross and Angus' confirmation of him being crowned Thane of Cawdor, â€Å"as happy prologues to the swelling act of the imperial theme†. He believes that now the first prediction has come true also him being Thane of Glamis that surely they were just the stepping stones to his ultimate goal. When the audience first encounter Lady Macbeth in Scene of the first act she is speaking the words of her husband's letter. In this letter he describes her as â€Å"my dearest partner of greatness, that thou mightst not lose the due of rejoicing, by being ignorant of what greatness is promised thee.† Suggesting they are a partnership and he has thought to inform her of the news so she shares in his pride, he also knows that she will scheme their next move. After reading the letter she contemplates his convictions, despite his widely respected bravery and manliness in battle she debates whether he can act in the same manner when fighting for personal gain against his former compares – â€Å"yet do I fear thy nature; It is too full o'th' milk of human kindness†. However unfounded her doubts they are correct because after hearing the witches prophecies two scenes earlier, â€Å"If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me, without my stir†, he became Thane of Cawdor with nothing but honourable service and so he's unsure whether to act unmorally in this circumstance. In Scene 4, when Macbeth and Banquo arrive at Duncan's camp, Macbeth's attitude is courteous and faithful towards the king but once Duncan confirms that his heir will be his eldest, Malcolm, Macbeth's true intentions are revealed in an aside, a language devise common in plays similar to a monologue in which a character will often speak his genuine mental thoughts while acting or saying differed points in his real conversation. â€Å"The Prince of Cumberland! That is a step on which I must fall down, or o'er leap, for in my way it lies. Stars, hide your fires! Let not light see my black and deep desires: The eye wink at the hand; yet let that be which the eye fears, when it is done, to see.† Macbeth mentions that Malcolm is an obstacle in which he must overcome if he should become king and then Shakespeare uses the first of many rhyming couplets in the play. In the play, â€Å"Macbeth† a rhyming couplet is commonly used before a major event or when someone is thinking aloud to inform the audience of a characters' thoughts. In Act 1 Scene 5 Lady Macbeth says, â€Å"That I pour my spirits in thine ear, and chastise with the valour of my tongue†. Indicating her wishes to inspire him to do betraying deeds with her passion for their royal goal. She is not commanding him to do so that may have been intimated to sound as though she is in control. However, this passage is a vital one at this point in the play, which verifies Lady Macbeth is not in complete command but still has a voice in matters. It infers she makes her suggestion then persuades him to follow through using her manipulative nature and sexuality. It is a rarity that a woman in this Elizabethan society would have any say in her husband's, particularly a soldier's, decisions. Primarily for the misogynistic views harboured by physically strong alpha male's with housebound wives. In Act 1 Scene 5 Lady Macbeth confirms that at the beginning of the play she not cruel nor amoral, nor insensitive; it is purely that she is complete and utterly strong minded and committed to her aspirations; â€Å"make thick my blood; stop up th' access and passage to remorse, that no compunctious visitings o nature shake my purpose, nor keep between the effect† Lady Macbeth deliberately becomes remorseless so she can govern her husband to his power which will also benefits her. These chosen sacrifice pay their price later in the play: â€Å"Thy letters have transported me beyond This ignorant present, and I feel now The future in the instant†. Macbeth's letters have aroused her devious nature and she has plotted and schemed. She has pictures herself as queen to him and is now relentlessly obsessing to crown herself, metaphorically and literally, with her achievement. â€Å"look like the innocent flower but be the serpent lying under't† Lady Macbeth is adamant that Macbeth carries out her wishes. â€Å"and you shall put this night's great business into my dispatch† She commands and takes control of the situation due to her continuing doubts about his moral beliefs and willpower interrupting their mission. â€Å"We will speak further† Macbeth remains unconvinced: â€Å"To alter favour ever is to fear†. She ignores his pleas insisting, on the danger that his feelings may bring to this tentative position. Macbeth's uncertainty can be partly due to not just being made Cawdor but the previous affiliation and favours Duncan has bestowed on him. â€Å"Your majesty loads our house: for those of old,† Implying Duncan's favours go beyond his recent praise further evidence for this can be cited in Act 1 Scene 4 â€Å"The service and the loyalty I owe, In doing it, pays itself. Your highness' part Is to receive our duties; and our duties Are to your throne†. In Act 1 Scene 7 Macbeth's soliloquy, another monologue like language device preferred by Shakespeare in â€Å"Macbeth†, often express his characters deepest desires and overly negative thoughts of the people around them: â€Å"If it were done when 'tis done, then 'twere well it were done quickly† Macbeth expresses that he doesn't want to torture Duncan and a quick and painless sleeping death would be all he could deliver all be it he feels it's unjust to murder such an honourable man in his sleep. â€Å"this blow Might be the be-all and the end-all here† He further expresses his reluctance to the task at hand but still sees it's importance; he indicates that if and when he kills Duncan that would be the be all and end all and no acts would follow, then he would barely hesitate. However, he knows this isn't the case and must find strength for this is just a step to his path of greatness: â€Å"as I am his kinsman and his subject, strong both against the deed; then, as his host who should against the murderer shut the door, not bear the knife myself†. Macbeth's feelings of guilt intensify as not only as his loyal server to the king and country but as his host, is not a righteous path to walk down. â€Å"I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent, but only vaulting ambition, which o'erleaps itself and falls on the other.† He has no motive but the selfish wishes and ambitions of himself and his wife. Therefore he feels it can only be a unsatisfactory reason for creating such a cowardly and despicable act of murder. In Act 1Scene 7 Lady Macbeth's pride and utter determination is unreserved, she is overpowering Macbeth's guilt and with sheer will. She is not afraid of what outcome may follow and she is ordering him to do as she pleases: Macbeth: â€Å"we will proceed no further in this business† Lady Macbeth: â€Å"Was the hope drunk wherein you dress'd yourself? Hath it slept since?† She accuses him of being cowardly and expresses that his determination has died since they last spoke of their plans: â€Å"Art thou afeard to be the same in thine own act and valour As thou art in desire?† In claiming his fear of acting on his ambitions, she is hoping to touch a nerve by the continuous raging mockery; she is solely hoping to spur him on to do the deed she craves him to act on: â€Å"And live a coward in thine own esteem† Macbeth's response is ferocious; he knows he has to silence her at once: â€Å"Prithee, peace: I dare do all that may become a man; who dares do more is none.† He insists he as a worthy man and will act on any bravery expected of a man. This line implies he is as noble as a soldier could be but he cannot do an unjust duty, possibly subconsciously is not only that the king hasn't ordered but that a woman has. â€Å"What beast was't, then, that made you break this enterprise to me? When you durst do it, then you were a man; And, to be more than what you were, you would be so much more the man.† Lady Macbeth's questions his manhood. This point proving if maybe more than any that Lady Macbeth's marriage to Macbeth is more equal than most. A typical woman in Elizabethan society to raise her voice to her husband, a soldier, a thane, and question his manly judgement, would not be permitted: â€Å"while it was smiling in my face, Have pluck'd my nipple from his boneless gums, And dash'd the brains out, had I so sworn as you Have done to this†. Lady Macbeth continues insisting the strength of a man's word and that it cannot be broken. â€Å"We fail! But screw your courage to the sticking-place, And we'll not fail.† Her wondrous dreams conclude that winning is all that matters; she wants and needs to be queen or die trying imploring him to commit himself to the act albeit treasonous. In Act 2 Scene 1, Macbeth's soliloquy revolves around imagining a dagger placed in front of him although knowing it is imaginary and just a fragment of his guilt stricken imagination: â€Å"Is this a dagger which I see before me† â€Å"Alarum'd by his sentinel, the wolf, Whose howl's his watch, thus with his stealthy pace.† Shakespeare compares Macbeth to an animal of the night; he must follow out his deed with conviction to take charge of his pack. In the animal kingdom such an act would regularly occur and not be looked at twice as is natural to those. Macbeth must hunt like the wolf, the original dog, and deny his conscience in order to become the ultimate predator. At the end of the soliloquy, in scene 7 of the first act, are two separate rhyming couplets; Shakespeare's use of rhyming couplets is usually to depict the characters thoughts just before a major event: â€Å"Whiles I threat, he lives: Words to the heat of deeds too cold breath gives.† Macbeth is summoning himself to stop his ranting and perform hastily, which is quite true. The longer he thinks about it the less likely he is to do it. â€Å"Hear it not, Duncan; for it is a knell That summons thee to heaven or to hell.† The audience now presumes after this act that the deed was carried out. The first lines in Act 1 Scene 2 are of Lady Macbeth discussing alcohol; â€Å"That which hath made them drunk hath made me bold; What hath quench'd them hath given me fire.† The negative effect on them has had the effect on her she craves, and enabled her to feel no guilt on the assassination. When Macbeth returns bearing the good news, in her mind, she makes a pitiful excuse of why she has not carried out the deed she relished more than him. â€Å"Had he not resembled My father as he slept, I had done't.† Thus more evidence suggesting Lady Macbeth is not a psychopath as her ambitions that have been manifested in aggressive and murderous behaviour, she could not follow through personally for she is not a warrior like Macbeth and has probably never taken a life. Yet, after the murder, Macbeth's panicking paranoiac behaviour is ignored by Lady Macbeth Macbeth: â€Å"‘Glamis hath murder'd sleep, and therefore Cawdor Shall sleep no more; Macbeth shall sleep no more.'† Lady Macbeth: â€Å"Why, worthy thane, You do unbend your noble strength, to think So brainsickly of things.† Macbeth's is instantly driven mad after the murder of Duncan. He cannot yet control his acts; he's in a frenzy of hysteria. He believes he will never wash his hands of the deed: â€Å"Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood Clean from my hand?† Lady Macbeth's attitude is very different: â€Å"Your constancy Hath left you unattended.† She is now in complete control and he relies on her commands to get through the night and she scornfully scrutinizes his behaviour. In Act 2 scene 3, Shakespeare uses dramatic irony after the king has been murdered. Lady Macbeth is told of the news by Macduff: â€Å"O gentle lady,' Tis not for you to hear what I can speak: The repetition, in a woman's ear, Would murder as it fell† Later in the scene, Macbeth is verbally burbling over the murder of the guards and arousing suspicion from the on looking Thanes; Lady Macbeth faints out of sheer concern of their task being ended by the clumsiness of her husband. This indicates her aiding him is not only for her own interests but implying that their relationship is a partnership. Since Act 1 Scene 3 the relationship of Banquo and Macbeth has altered immensely. At the beginning of Act 3, Banquo is aware of Macbeth's actions but doesn't tell his former noble accomplice in case he himself is murdered: â€Å"Thou hast it now: king, Cawdor, Glamis, all, as the weird women promised, and, I fear, Thou play'dst most foully for't†. After Macbeth talks neighbourly to Banquo and wishes him farewell, while transparently finding the details of his departure, his true thoughts are known â€Å"There is none but he Whose being I do fear† Shakespeare also makes another Ancient Rome reference as â€Å"Mark Antony's was by Caesar.† In Act 3 Scene1, when Macbeth orders Banquo's murders, this could be considered the pivotal moment in the play. He does not consult his wife and grows independent in amoral sin. This role reversal is made increasingly imminent in the following scene where Lady Macbeth is seen weary and weak, symbolizing Macbeth's turn in ability to be able to carry out evil acts without doubt. Lady Macbeth from this point on is weakened and without need to control her husband and she soon loses the ability to control herself. Macbeth emblazoned with power before he goes insane with guilt â€Å"Lady Macbeth: what's to be done? Macbeth: Be innocent of the knowledge, dearest chuck, Till thou applaud the deed.† In Act 3 scene 4 when Macbeth is asked to sit yet he sees the ghost of Banquo in his chair his guilt and paranoia is blatant, he is instantly on the defensive though not being challenged â€Å"Thou canst not say I did it: never shake Thy gory locks at me.† Lady Macbeth reaches in as in fainting to distract attention, she claims an excuse before expressing her rage to Macbeth â€Å"Are you a man?† and â€Å"What, quite unmann'd in folly?†. Ever questioning his manhood â€Å"Blood hath been shed ere now, i' the olden time, Ere human statute purged the gentle weal; Ay, and since too, murders have been perform'd†¦but now they rise again,† Historically, most people viewing the play â€Å"Macbeth† when it was first acted, would have generally believed in the supernatural, therefore Shakespeare is adding a supernatural element that people would be famililar with. In the modern day, Banquo's ghost would be like the dagger and just a symbolic prop hinted as a piece of imagination. However then like the witches, they would genuinely believe that the dead would be joining the hosts at dinner. Macbeth is trying to claim a manliness that would be true to his valour as a soldier, under the mockery of his wife, â€Å"Take any shape but that, and my firm nerves Shall never tremble†, inferring nothing will scare him but his conscience. At the end of Scene 4 of the third act, Lady Macbeth is found asking about what he is going to do about Macduff and generally what next? For now Macbeth is in control and she is doing what he wishes despite the incident with Banquo's ghost, he is firmly now placed as the man in their relationship. In Act 4 Scene 1 Macbeth is confronted with three apparitions whose predictions reveal: â€Å"Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth! beware Macduff; Beware the thane of Fife. Dismiss me. Enough.† Macbeth was originally worried about Macduff but now this has been confirmed he is thankful. â€Å"Be bloody, bold, and resolute; laugh to scorn The power of man, for none of woman born Shall harm Macbeth.† Macbeth foolishly decides this means no one can kill him and he forgets his initial fears of Macduff. â€Å"Macbeth shall never vanquish'd be until Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill Shall come against him.† This further comforts Macbeth as he now thinks he is invincible because no one can physically move a forest. However, the witches ploy is to meddle and Shakespeare has written these as trickery, Macduff was born of a caesarean section and is not according to Shakespearian audience not of woman born. By Birnam Wood coming to Dunsinane, he means the wood moves in leaves and camouflage. Hecates orders of mischief were carried out for their previous prophecies were factually beneficial. Now they are misleading him into believing he is immortal and will not be defeated: â€Å"Time, thou anticipatest my dread exploits:† Macbeth knows he has not much time but must act on the news of Macduff gathering an army but does not seek his Lady's help he is instead overly casual of the situation relating to his recent news. In Act 5 Scene 1, Shakespeare uses Lady Macbeth's sleepwalking sequence to relive the events of the couples past for the audience, which puts subsequent scenes into perspective for them: â€Å"a soldier, and afeard?† She speaks of her husband's nerves but also of her own remorse â€Å"What, will these hands ne'er be clean?† Lady Macbeth's initial empowerment has been deadened by guilt and driven her to the brink of insanity; she who criticized Macbeth for his lack of conviction is now whimsical and helpless and her death is imminent. â€Å"What does the tyrant?† and â€Å"confident tyrant† Menteith describes Macbeth as a tyrant, abusing his power, cheating and lying. His former colleagues feel none but disdain for his actions. â€Å"Some say he's mad; others that lesser hate him Do call it valiant fury† These two statements of madness and bravery display hatred with mutual respect. His wrath is now coming to a close but he cannot turn back now he must die like a noble soldier as he lived most of his adult life but he is still not completely aware of his soon departure for the words of the three witches gave him false hope. â€Å"Bring me no more report† â€Å"Shall never sag with doubt nor shake with fear.† Macbeth is in complete power; he has become the evil dictator his wife aspired him to yet she is not in the health to see it. â€Å"Bring it after me. I will not be afraid of death and bane, Till Birnam forest come to Dunsinane.† This rhyming couplet represents Macbeth's loss of doubt; everything he feared before he has embraced and it has empowered him as a king to fight, not for his country, for himself and only himself. â€Å"Were I from Dunsinane away and clear, Profit again should hardly draw me here.† The Doctor's self-sympathy in aside rhyming couplet is representative of all the servants and unlucky servers of the King who have been forced to loyalty under his emphatic regime. In Act 5 Scene 5 â€Å"I have almost forgot the taste of fears; The time has been, my senses would have cool'd To hear a night-shriek† This is Macbeth's admitting his change in character but know his life has been so corrupted by murders of the innocent. â€Å"She should have died hereafter; There would have been a time for such a word.† When Lady Macbeth dies, Macbeth is almost emotionless as he soon discovers his confidence was unjust and his life will soon be over as well. â€Å"If this which he avouches does appear, There is nor flying hence nor tarrying here. I gin to be aweary of the sun, And wish the estate o' the world were now undone. Ring the alarum-bell! Blow, wind! come, wrack! At least we'll die with harness on our back.† Macbeth is now prepared for immortality, he can take back his sins and treacheries for now he can only fight till death and die with the honour of a soldier albeit a corrupt one. â€Å"Why should I play the Roman fool, and die On mine own sword?† Macbeth again references Ancient Rome, he expresses the urge to die fighting. His wife is dead as well as his best friend and that was at his hands and also his king. Macbeth's death was always inevitable. â€Å"Of this dead butcher and his fiend-like queen† I don't believe Malcolm's comments are entirely accurate way to describe Macbeth and Lady Macbeth because even though there are some elements of truth there, in the end, they regretted their actions and regret is not something a â€Å"butcher† or a â€Å"fiend† might feel. A â€Å"butcher† and a â€Å"fiend† are the alter egos of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. The starting point of Macbeth and actions are the witches' prediction. This is the cause of their actions because the predictions were already planted in their minds. Macbeth cannot be described as a butcher because individually he would not of been able to kill the king. Although Lady Macbeth manipulated him into murdering Duncan, she was drunk on royal fantasies, and the next day her guilt became unbearable and led to her loss of sanity and subsequently, her death. Macbeth could also not bring himself to murder Banquo or Macduff's family personally so ordered assassins to kill them instead. In conclusion, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth can be described as partners. However were never in equal roles. One needs to be stronger and dominant at each given time although this position is exchanged throughout the course of the play.

Advabtages and disadvantages of electronic media Essay

Electronic Medla Is a rich resource of services, supplies, creative and Innovative solutions to everyday domestic and professional demands. We are living in the era of electronic media. None can avoid and escape from it. It is prevailing profound effects on advertisement, education, information, politics and other social activities. If we look around us what is there that is impossible to? It is none other than this electronic media that has made our life far more comfortable and luxurious. Obviously this enhancement in technology would have its banes and boons as well. As far as the advantages of this advancement Is concerned so they are outnumbered. Electronic media has granted us with television, radio, computers, laptops, palmtops, mobiles and many more facilitating types of equipment. Electronic media has not only benefitted us In single field but It has Its advantages In various fields. Education has become far more convenient today as printers, projectors, laptops and Internet has provided a vast opportunity to get as much knowledge as one can. Now students have a great opportunity to enhance their knowledge through accessing internet. All he information in all topics is far beyond one touch of a button. Teaching is made more understandable by using projectors CD’s or DVD’s through this student develops more interest in class lectures. Learning through internet is also quite helpful you can play the video or read the page again till you are able catch it. Electronic media has entirely changed the mode of advertisement. Different attractive and colourful policies are made to encourage the customer to buy the product. Furthermore, It gives extensive options In selecting the desired product. Electronic media has revolutionized the Information system. Now everyone can be aware himself with current Information and updates. So many TV channels In the country and Internet websites Justify the Importance and advantages of electronic media where everyone has a freedom to exchange his view point freely. You are bored then you have a great variety to provide u a source of entertainment one can play on laptops, computers, etc or watch TV or can use social network. This social network is also one of a great source of electronic media it not only connects us to several peoples but also helps in advertising or much social and political news are also conveyed to us. The international politics are greatly influenced by the electronic media. Notnlng In tnls world Is Ideal or perTect tnereTore wnen tnls Destowment 0T science has provided us with its advantages it surely has several disadvantages in it as well. No doubt it’s a source of entertainment but people are rather waisting a lot of their precious time through this. Internet the greatest help of us today is also a good help to huge number of frauds and theft on internet. One’s personal account can be hacked and their personal details can be viewed which is obviously dangerous and ofcourse no one would want that to happen with them. Research evidence has accumulated over the past half-century that exposure to violence on television, movies, and most recently in video games increases the risk of violent behavior on the viewer’s part Just as growing up in an environment filled with real violence increases the risk of violent behavior. Furthermore there is huge amount of contents of vulgarity either in form of such vulgar games or in form of such software, CD’s or websites which can lead to crimes and bad mentality of our young generation. Another aspect of its disadvantages is that equipments are really expensive to buy nd even if one affords to buy it is again difficult and expensive to maintain. It is a media through which the West propagates against Islam and other opponents. If education is being revolutionize then the authorities would surely charge good amount of fees which will restrict a poor man to give his children this modern education as a result poor or middle class children are deprived of this way of education. TV, computers, etc are giving rise to eye-sight and obesity problems. In this century electronic media has gained preference over other things it’s not Just used for any single purpose but have vast purposes. But for all what it can harm then that truly depends upon our usage to this bounty of science. We can take some protective measures to be safe Just in case but if we are being careless in way we use electronic media then that would be biased to say that this media has many harmful effect in its usage. It is said who will win the media war will be most successful. Concluding it can be said that if we want to be dominant in the world, we will have to accept the challenge of electronic media otherwise we will be limping and looking at others. Amna Knan Biochemistry English 2042 B. S. II year Submitted To: Miss Zunaira Sultan

EU and the transport policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

EU and the transport policy - Essay Example Furthermore, the creation of one market or single market like the EU needs a well developed transport industry. Policies play an important role in shaping a transport industry which will increase the economy of the countries involved. The EU Transport Policy The policy adopted by the EU seeks to find ways of creation of an economical transport sector so that it can curve in major challenges in the industry like road congestion, barriers to transport systems and emission of green house gases such CO2. Additionally, the policy helps in the creation of infrastructure for the transport industry, investment in the industry and innovation. Furthermore the use of fossil fuels by the machines in the transport sector is also addressed by the policy. The policy was meant to tackle challenges facing EU nations with regard to the transport sector like road congestion and cross-border tariffs. This paper will address the policies made by the EU for the transport industry and the achievements they have made since the creation of such policies (Rodenburg et al 2002). The European countries came together with policies for transport systems such as roads, rail and inland waterways. The EU common markets pushed for a common transport policy because they encouraged free movement of goods and people throughout Europe. The policy signed in 1957 called the treaty of Rome was meant to allow free movement of goods and people across all the nations in Europe but the policy was not taken seriously until 1980 (Ionescu, 2012). The policy was only put into use after a court process which took place in 1983 involving the European Parliament and the Council of Ministers. This increased the process of the formation of a single market involving European countries with the inclusion of transport in the act which was signed. Ionescu (2012), shows that the signing of the single treaty made many changes in the transport industries which also gave a chance for Europeans countries to work together a cross different states. The treaty signed was also meant to address cases of environmental degradation caused by pollution. The policy was for the development of rail, road and waterway structures. This is because there had been disparities in transport systems in European countries with most Western countries having better and well developed transport systems, mostly high-speed rail systems, than that of the Eastern European countries. Furthermore the policy was made to address environmental challenges as mentioned above. The main target of the policy was to address the development of the rail system, roads and waterways. The combination of the three transport systems is referred to as the Transport European Networks (TENs). The European Union transport policy was made to tackle the creation of transport infrastructure which would link Eastern and Western Europe. This was later addressed in a white paper singed in 2004. The policies in the white paper were later changed in 2011 to make three changes by 2050. For example, the EU is to stop the use of more fossil fuel and find alternative energy, increase the use of the rail system, and use fuel in the aviation industry producing less than 40% carbon. The policy was meant to ease movement of freight and people across national boundaries hence the border tariffs would be removed (Ionescu 2012). The EU is committed in applying the set policies and has so far achieved the set targets. Goals of the EU policy The reduction of

Operations management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Operations management - Essay Example It improved workflow by 100% efficiency and 0% delay. The time of performance for each task and requirements of sequence needs the assembly line balancing tool of analysis for proper amount of workstations and workflow that is most efficient. The tool calculates the number of workstations required, in this case 5. The maximum time a workstation can operate is 10 minutes and time needed for every cycle is 46 minutes. The calculations guarantee 100% efficiency. The assembly line balancing decision tool helps achievement of highest efficiency in production and reduction in floor space production. When the assembly balancing line is properly balanced, there will be an increase of production and lower cost of production. The Maui sandal will take 4 months to be produced with a total of 20126.97423 hours of labor and costs 20121.71 at a labor rate of $1.08 every hour. The first month requires 3737.741 hours of labor at $4036.76. The second month requires 4775.66988 hours of labour at $5154.62. Third month requires 5511.74336 hours in labor at $5950.10 and month 4 6101.82 hours of labor at $6589.97. The hours for production of the Maui sandal decreases at a slower rate with increase in sandal production. Total labor cost decrease at a slower rate as the line continues to be produced. The information helps determine the levels of employment cost, capacity and product pricing in the market. The decision used here is the learning curve decision tool applied to help formulate strategic decisions of levels of employment cost, capacity and product pricing in the market. Less time is expanded as a result of repeating the same operations. It proves there an increase in time for product production as it takes less time for production. The resources available and changes in process alters the learning leading to the company pursuing the learning curve to gain maximum saving cost, therefore, the

Security Solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Security Solution - Essay Example The critical point of the matter is that some of the company’s key competitors have already hacked the company’s strategies and that they are already using their techniques. No one knows anything about the source of the attack. However, the management is suspicious that some greedy employees could be associated with the attack and that they reveal vital information to its competitors. The network administrator of the ABC Company has limited understanding of attack methodologies while the company lacks valid security measures. Information regarding the company’s products, the raw materials available, quantity of finished goods, and their prices has been disclosed through a database which has been open for users from across the company. All company’s information has been easily accessible and modifiable by every user in the organization. This has been the key problem to the company security and has resulted to the attack and has lead to leaking and hacking o f data on their laptops. In order to protect the internal data of the company, adequate security measures should be taken with critical observation of the laid down strategies to ensure success in the attainment of security within the company (Essaaidi et al., 2006). The storage of data should be structured in an appendix whereby each department can have an access only to its information. A specific file saver should contain folders which contain specific information for each department with a ‘login’ option while personnel from a particular department should not be able to access information from another department’s folder. The encryption mechanism should be devised to ensure that data belonging to a particular user is accessible to that user only. The installed OS in the company computers should be updated with the latest patches and fixes while modification on information on each database should only be done by the head of department. Not even the network adm inistrator should have the right to modify information on the database but should, however, access the information in a ‘read only’ mode. In order to ensure that the computers are not accessed from outside the organization, which has greatly contributed to the hacking, the available OS in the computers should be updated and configured. The outdated OS present in the computers need to be updated to ensure that no outsider can access the computers. The company should also consider installing an anti-spyware tool. This tool monitors all activities on the computer. The tool can be accidentally installed within program downloads and other files while their use is often cruel. They can capture passwords credit card details as well as banking credentials and relay them back to cheaters. Anti-spyware will help in monitoring and protecting the computers from spyware threats and is free to update and use (Stamatellos, 2007).   On the implementation of the solutions, the organiz ation will require to inform all employees on the changes and possibly train the relevant authorities on how to operate the installed devices in their computers. The organization should also give briefings to all employees, department heads and the network administrators on the need to have such amendments at such a time. The briefings should be meant to declare the attack an organizational disaster which calls for responsibilities from all partners for its termination. The solutions would ensure that the c

Globalisation , the World Economy and MNE's mini essay

Globalisation , the World Economy and MNE's mini - Essay Example However, a host country needs to have a minimum absorptive capacity and the ability to link these investments with domestic enterprises (Ruane & Gorg, 1998). FDI policies affect both potential and existing foreign investments either directly or indirectly. The host country justifiably sets its policies based on information, business failure, and intervention (Lall, 2000; Moran, 1998). Some of the policies include: A government should efficiently analyse and evaluate international firms before they invest in the country. Screening aids in identifying the purpose of the firm and the validity of its actions. Secondly, in ownership restraints, the host state decides to exclude foreign investors from certain parts of the economy (Hill, 2011). Exclusion based on the grounds of healthy competition and national security. For example, India implemented certain foreign ownership policies, which governed the retail sector since foreign traders almost put local supermarkets out of business (Mukherjee, 2005). Finally, performance requirements enable a country to optimize FDI benefits and minimize on the costs employed to the host country. Operational policies assist in controlling the activities of foreign companies in the host country. Governments implement operational activities through site restrictions, export requirements and persistence on partial ‘local content.’ Based on location policies, the state needs foreign investors to lay foundation in regions where they provide labour market. Secondly, based on the industrial activities, firms should locate to regions where they will not disrupt other forms of infrastructure or cause harm to the inhabitants. Export policies aim at managing foreign company exports mainly to create a balance between it and the domestic export (Moran, 2005). States implement export regulations through taxation policies. It also permits the exportation of only a set

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 18

Leadership - Essay Example These will act as a guide or baseline of the alignment. The other way leaders use to align the organization is by identifying all the stakeholders in the organization because they are the key to the sustainability of the new alignment and hence have to be involved. Due to the risks an organization is likely to go through, the stakeholders should be informed of every decision so that they can stand by the organization in case of any ambiguity in future. Leaders also integrate and assimilate information which they have first analyzed from all perspectives. This information may be concerning the political environment, relationships, competitors among others and which are crucial for the alignment and running of the organization. The information is integrated after ensuring that it will not sink the organization (Rampersad 2003). Positive change involves transformation of the organization in terms of the attitudes and motivation of the employees by the leader. This transformation requires the leader to engage several actions which are discussed below (Teerlink and Ozley 2000). One of the actions by a leader is to motivate employees and especially if the leader wants the attitudes of employees towards their work and each other to improve as a way to create positive change. There are several ways to motivate the employees including use of reinforces like money or praise and also team building exercises outside work environment (Pedini January 2012). Another action can be to let employees participate in goal setting in the organization. By so doing they will own up the goal and work towards it more positively and not disgruntle like they do when goals that are unattainable are imposed on them. This will also ensure that the employees work more quickly to achieve this goal hence positive change in performance and production

Workplace negotiation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Workplace negotiation - Research Paper Example The success of negotiations in the workplace is usually depended on the willingness of the parties to arrive to commonly accepted solutions, meaning that the decisions made should respond to the interests of all participants. The collective bargaining systems have been introduced in order to help towards the improvement of communication between employers and employees – referring to both the private and the public sector (Adams 1999). However, the above target is not always achieved. In this way, the value of collective bargaining, as a tool for communication/ cooperation in regard to the employers’ and the employees’ rights is reduced. The reasons for the failure of statutory collective bargaining systems in promoting collective bargaining are presented and analyzed in this paper. Reference is made, as indicative examples, to two Anglo-Saxon countries, US and Australia. It is proved that the statutory collective bargaining systems in countries with common legal environment are likely to present similar weaknesses; the characteristics of a country’s legal framework are therefore of critical importance for the prospects of the particular country’s statutory collective bargaining systems (Davidov 2004). ... This fact is revealed in the Wagner Act of 1935, the legislative text incorporating the criteria for the establishment and the expansion of collective bargaining in USA. The above Act has a critical weakness: it emphasizes on the process of establishing a relationship between the union and the worker – meaning that the employees recognize a particular union as their representative in the bargaining process – and on ensuring that the bargaining process begins (Cox et al. 1950, p.389). No reference is made to the principles or the methodologies on which the collective bargaining process will be based. In this way, it is possible that violations of the rights of either of the parties are taken place since no standards or requirements are set for the development of the process (Cox et al. 1950, p.389). The above phenomenon is, still today, a key characteristic of the collective bargaining process in USA showing the gaps of the legislation in the specific field. In accordanc e with Cox et al. (1950) the above trend could be possibly explained by the following fact: since their appearance, unions have managed to increase their power. In fact, the growth of unions has been continuous and impressive causing strong pressures to the markets globally. For this reason, it is implied that no support is required to the collective bargaining process, as a procedure in progress; rather, emphasis should be made on the protection of the process as a tool for communication between employers and employees. In other words, since trade unions exist in a particular country and since the access of employees to them is secured, then no further action should be taken for the promotion of unionism and collective bargaining. This is the idea on which the

Google Organizational Structure and Culture Essay

Google Organizational Structure and Culture - Essay Example The organizational design of Google is flatter with wide span of control, which signifies there are a few managers to whom all the subordinates report. Wide span of control is efficient because it is perceived to be both time and cost effective, as it involves a decentralized flow of information and requires comparatively few managers. They are associated with decentralization, which signifies that the decision-making authority is bestowed upon not only the top management but also it is provided to other members of the organization. As a result the supervisory power is somewhat minimal in the organization. The organization has 20,000 employees and has four hierarchical levels. CEO is in the top level; followed by CEO, there is Vice President of the company to whom every member of the individual departments of the organization reports. These departments include engineering, product, sales, human resource, and finance, legal and business strategy. The engineering heads maintain the dev elopment of all the products; product managers are involved in maintenance of products and handling the marketing staffs; sales department handles the entire sales of different region which is ultimately looked after by the regional head of the sales department. Human Resource department maintains all the manpower related records in the organization. The finance section involves in handling the financial works and maintaining the financial records of the company. Legal department is also involved in different legal procedures of the company and business strategy department takes the various strategies which may be required by the company in due course of time. The lower level workers of the organization are allotted in teams on the basis of the assigned works or assignments. In certain cases, teams are arranged from each and every functional areas based on the markets and products. The organizational culture is flexible and organic and is not much formal. The communication and inter action among the employees is carried out regularly on various issues and good interrelationship is prevalent among them (Griffin & Ebert, 2005). With reference to the above description of the organizational structure adhered in Google, a flow chart is presented below: 1.2. Google’s Organization Chart Figure 1: Organizational Chart of Google 1.3. Is The Organization Design Shown In Your Chart Appropriate For Google? Why or Why Not? The organizational design which is mentioned in the chart is suitable for Google as organizational hierarchy is clearly designed keeping in mind the flat structure of Google. There are various departments in the organization. All the departments of the organization are highlighted by a hierarchical design. Each departmental manager handles and maintains every functions of that department. In this chart, flat hierarchical structure is designed with CEO in the first level and under him the Vice President, who analyses all the departments such as engi neering, production, sales, human resource, finance, and legal and business strategy of the organization. But these departments have top managers to handle the subordinates (Griffin & Moorhead, 2009). Therefore, it can be established that the organizational structure is appropriate for Google. 2. What Type Of Global Organization Structure Is Google Using? In Your

LEARY ENG 105 PAPER 2 RITUAL ASSIGNMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

LEARY ENG 105 PAPER 2 RITUAL ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example Even to those without a slight idea of the lyrics to the song, but having the tune with them, singing to the song becomes fun, interesting, and captivating. Equipped with adjustable light, the heart broken singer could opt to sing for the moment in a dimly lit room, or bright room. Over time, the meaning of the light has changed, where dimly lit or darkness signifies the intentions of ending the relationship. A brightly lit room, despite the singer singing his lout to the lost relationship, signifies a hopeful rejoinder. Thus, as the boys sing, they express their wishes about their sour relationship. Typically, a normal Chinese teenage relationship involves fantasies, dreams, and ambitions. Some of the very serious relationships ironically have even marriage proposals, with the partners expressing deep desires of settling down. However, few, if any survive through the teenage period, characterized by adventures and numerous crushes. Without adequacy in the definition of periods when the modern Chinese boys and girls can date, many boys find themselves in this booth. Whenever a relationship hits the rocks, the affected boy, unifying with his closest friends, takes to the booth to sing for his gone love. The music, meant to heal the wound, takes the form of sad love songs, ones that commemorate the day. Some however opt for the songs they used to sing to their girlfriends when in the relationship, honoring the person and the chance they had to love them. Although this ritual convey a sense of femininity, it actually offer a space for boys to ignore strict gender code and emotional abreact their anger and fragility. To the young men, singing sad songs in KTV is representative of their softy selves, a different form of masculinity in these men. The use of the Karaoke TV to the Chinese boys liberates them from the traditional concept of recovery, involving silence, subsequently redefining

Sam Harris and Free

Sam Harris and Free Will Essay Convince that free will is an illusion Worse than an illusion- a totally incoherent idea Impossible to describe a universe in which it could be true Two Assumptions: Each of us was free to behave differently than we did in the past Example: I could have chosen chocolate ice-cream but I chose vanilla We are the conscious source of our thoughts and actions The experience of wanting to do something is in fact the proximate cause of action Example: I feel that I want to move and then I move Both assumptions are false We live in a world of cause and effect. No way of thinking of cause and effect that allows the affirmation of free wills assumptions Either our wills are determined by a long chain of prior causes And we are not responsible for them Or they are the product of chance And we are not responsible for them Or they are some combination of determinism and chance No combination allows us free will Example: Murderer As sickening as I might find the persons behavior, I have to admit if I were to trade places with him, atom for atom, I would be him. There is no extra part of me that could resist the impulse to victimize innocent people. Nobody picks the life influences which shape the development of their nervous system You are no more responsible for the micro structure of your brain than you are for your height The role of luck appears decisive Imagine the murderer was found to have a tumor in the place of the brain that would explain his impulses We would view him as a victim of biology A brain tumor is a special case of physical events giving rise to thoughts and actions Deeper than cause and effect We have a subjective experience of free will which cannot be mapped onto physical reality The subjective experience is also intangible Thoughts simply appear in consciousness what are you going to think next? Thoughts just emerge in consciousness- we are not their authors That would imply that we think them before we think them Is it willed? Utterly unaware of the neurophysiological events which produce changesin thought Were you free to choose that which did not occur to you to choose? No position to know why you picked what you picked†¦. Though you may ascribe narratives- they are divorced from reality – post hoc- evidenced by psychology Even if you were right, you still can’t explain why the memory occurred or had the effectit did. You as a conscious witness of your inner life Does not depend on philosophical materialism where the mind is dependent on the physical The unconscious operations of a soul grants you no more freedom than the unconscious operations of your neurophysiology The endurance of the philosophical idea that free will exists is borne of our feeling of its existence Emerges from a felt experience divorced from logical and scientific terms Compatibilism To argue that free will is compatible with the truth of determinism A person is free as long as he is free from any outer or inner compulsion that would prevent him from acting on desires or compulsions Misses the point. Where is the freedom in doing what one wants when one’s wants are the product of prior causes which one cannot inspect and therefore could not choose- and one had absolutely no hand in creating Compatibilism- a puppet is free as long as it loves its strings Compatibilist response: Even if our thoughts are the product of unconscious causes, they are still our thoughts and actions. It is something that you have done. The unconscious neurophysiology of your brain is just as much you as your conscious thoughts are. Bait and Switch- Trades a psychological fact, the subjective experience of being a conscious agent, for a conceptual understanding of ourselves as persons The psychological truth is that people feel identical to and in control of a certain channelof information in theirconscious minds- and they are mistaken The fact that we are stardust does not drive our moral intuitions of politics You simply cannot take credit for your unconscious mental life Are you making red blood cells at this moment? Hopefully your body is- but if it decided to stop, you wouldn’t be responsible for that change†¦. You would be a victim of that change A claim which bears no relationship to the actual experience which has made free will a problem for philosophy The truth is we feel or presume an authorship over our own thoughts and actions that is illusory How can we be free as conscious agents if everything we consciously intend was caused by events in our brain which we did not intend and over which we had no control – we can’t Confusion between determinism and fatalism Our choices matter There are clearly paths to making wiser choices How much a conversation could change you? But we cannot choose what we choose in life When it seems we can choose what we choose. We don’t choose to choose what we choose – there is a regress here that ends in darkness We have to take a first step for reasons that are subjectively mysterious You have not built your mind. And in moments when you seem to build it, when you make an effort to learn a new skill or improve yourself, the only tools at your disposal are those inherited from moments past. It is possible to change. In fact, viewing oneself as an open system, open to a myriad of influences makes change even more possible. You are by no means condemned to be who you were yesterday. In fact, you can’t be that person. The self is a process. This is what makes growth possible. The self is not a stable entity. Subjectively speaking, the unfolding of our lives is a mysterious process. None of us know how it is we came to be in this moment. And we don’t know what’s going to happen next really on any level. We don’t know what we are going to think and feel next. To declare my freedom is to say I don’t really know why I did that but I don’t mind that I did You are free to do what you want but where do your wants come from It takes away an egocentric view of life We are part of a system, of history.

Supply Chain Management Model of Procter and Gamble

Supply Chain Management Model of Procter and Gamble Executive Summary The report will delineate the Supply Chain Management model of Procter and Gamble in line with the intricate aspects of their information systems, procurement, inventory and distribution issues, along with their solutions respectively. The vitality of the topic as a highly integrated process is duly highlighted in the report. It will also discuss as to how the Supply Chain Management influences the company and its key tasks as well as strategic planning in order to savour the competitive advantage in the market. As Procter and Gamble had very weak supply chain management they planned for a complete change over their management approaches and peculiarities. Throughout the report, various key issues pertaining to the processes involved in delivering the finished products are highlighted. The key steps that the company has taken towards accurate definition of their structure as far as supply chain management is concerned are aligning most of their accounts with prime suppliers and usher ing and standardizing this change on an overall level. The main highlight is communication at each level which constitutes the structural process rather than it being a hierarchical channel based communication in a clichà ©d flow-on fashion. Also recommendations have been provided at the end of the report on the basis of secondary research and underlying facts and case studies. It summarizes and lists opinions based on potential areas that still remain untapped and subject to undue attention. Every aspect has been dealt with while keeping the companies vision, philosophies and unique work ethics in mind. Introduction Procter and Gamble is a $50 billion organization that as of now is a proud owner of 13 brands creating more than $1 billion of income every year. their objective is to make what might as well be called a fourteenth billion-dollar brand—by stocking retires in stores around the globe all the more precisely by reacting better to what individuals need. Also, they aim at getting 5,000 retailers and 30,000 suppliers to partake in a framework that would instantly flag items supported by clients. In the previous decade, PG’s business has changed fundamentally, regardless of the possibility that its frameworks for timing the conveyance of items to stores have not. In similar lines to autos, garments, music and even prime-time TV, the offers of mass-created items for the home have ended up hit-driven. Alternately, better put, advancement driven. A few deals information may come in every day, some week by week. Some may stop by thing or item class. Predictable data, got every day or all the more much of the time, would mean getting retailers and suppliers to stick to normal traditions in nourishing and drawing data out of Pg s SAP store network administration framework. In the old form to-estimate days, the plants would just run huge parts, move them to distribution centers and let showcasing work down the stacks of unsold item. Changeovers of assembling lines were an abomination, on the grounds that the conviction was that long item runs chop down for every unit costs.That holds expenses down. They have attempted to enhance each part of how they convey item to our clients at the most reduced expense, this was said by Tom Walker, VP of logistics for Costco Wholesale Corp., which offers $41.7 billion value of buyer products a year through its 397 retail distribution centers. The product, alongside practical judgment skills, has enhanced pgs capacity to get precise shipments to our stores in an auspicious manner. Product Portfolio Procter Gamble produces a comprehensive range of goods from detergents to pet foods to beauty products. The company operates in North America, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia and Latin America, with products sold in over 140 countries. Procter Gamble ranked 26th in Fortune magazine’s top 100 America’s largest company for the year 2011. (Fortune 500, CNN 2012). Procter Gamble began as a small soap and candle Company in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA in 1873. By 1980, Procter and Gamble had grown into a multi-million dollar corporation. The first overseas subsidiary was purchased in 1930 (a UK-based soap manufacturer). From there, start-up operations sprang up in Latin America, Europe and Japan. Procter Gamble have many well-known brands, which include Pampers Nappies, max Factor cosmetics, Pantene shampoos, Iams and Eukaneba pet foods and Pringle potato chips. The Procter Gamble Supply Chain Management Mastering the Supply Chain is vital viewpoint to attain high client fulfillment that will prompt benefit and more prominent piece of the pie. So as to make the Supply Chain capacities as a center of the plan of action, the organization needs to rethink its system. This involves both producing another technique and bringing the Companys other center exercises into arrangement with this new plan of action above all, the record choice, in the client operations, the channel method, the center operations abilities and Management/Organization Structure. These exercises must experience extensive progressions. Capable Supply Chain makes an unique plan of action that adjusts the real destination of Supply Chain Management from expense control to income improvement to Customer fulfillment. Procter Gamble awhile ago utilized Supply Chain authority to pare out solid, long haul Competitive Advantage. The Companys key center to Supply Chain-based administration modernization changed both the purchaser items and retail commercial enterprises. The strategy obliged immediate conveyance to significant records. This channel game plan empowered Procter and Gamble to create an outstandingly high level of client certainty and on-going rounds of Supply Chain modernization in these records. In the meantime, Procter and Gamble quietly moved to end its guide associations with various more modest records, setting up a set of expert merchants to administration them. Thusly, the primary wholesalers had become enough volume to maintain immediate worth included associations with Procter Gamble. As far as concerns it, Procter and Gamble created operations capacities in two key territories: First, it made a clearing new set of industry change programs, e.g., Efficient Consumer Response (ECR), Customer Requirements Planning (CRP), and streamlined logistics. The projects obliged a robust new understanding of system economies and the effect of Supply Chain advancement. Second, to empower to raise administration levels to help the new framework, the Company made refined Information Technology (IT) bonds to arrange its item stream. These going on progressions stayed authoritative safety, from promoting directors particularly who were worried about the other appropriated sellers items by the new business. Concern likewise communicated over what would finished with the significant records that did not fit the plan of action. There was a significant requirement for imaginative and progressed answers for defeat these issues and achieve the client at once and loss of piece of the pie. Subsequently, they chose to utilize executor based demonstrating intricate, versatile frameworks in the wake of doing a great deal of examination. The Strategies Procter Gamble Supply Chain procedures are for the most part includes on: 1. Focus on obtaining of the organizations and items, which are now entrenched in the commercial center and with great exhibitions with sensible requests. Whats more, getting to be settled items starts with a decent, productively run Supply Chains. In this way, these Supply Chains empower their items to be sold at focused costs to their expected markets. 2. Redevelopment and combining with the assistance of the decently qualified and accomplished researchers, with a dream to grow their customer base on a decreased number of items for every item sort. 3. Decrease its capital using to a certain rate of Sales. For instance, Supply Chain costs and those shoppers ought to profit from, as a result of decreased item costs. 4. Develop their centre organizations (fabric, hair, child and female mind) and heading brands into stronger market pioneers. They create worth creating exercises all through the whole Supply Chain for each of its centre items, through for instance, the pooling of information, aptitude and compass. Key assignments for Supply Chain Management 1. Making of methods that help the stream of crude materials and completed merchandise to and from Procter bet offices; 2. Help of the transportation of crude materials to its assembling areas; 3. Improvement of techniques that will keep Procter bet heading the commercial center in logistics administrations; 4. Administration of logistics data; client requests and the brief conveyance of completed item to the exchange clients. Supply Network An executor based demonstrating unpredictable, versatile framework Procter Gamble change its Supply Chain framework with the utilized of an operator based displaying in which its essentials helped the organization until they probably wont even calls it a Supply Chain. The Cincinnati-based creator of Tide, Crest, Pringles, Pampers, Clairol and 300 different items now call its associations with 5 billion customers in 140 nations a Supply Network. (Computerworld 2010) Larry Kellam, the Procter Gambles Director of Supply Network (Memo to Oracle 2012) expresses that, Chain hints something that is successive, that obliges taking care of off data in succession. We trust it need to work like a system, in the same way as a web, so everyone has perceivability to the data. The said model are to a great degree mind boggling in a hefty portion of its frameworks general are truth be told made up of semi-autonomous nearby executors following up on a couple of basic standards. One can secure and improve the entire framework by demonstrating and changing the conduct of the operator. Also by utilizing this, Procter Gamble spares in expenses, inventories will be decreased and the purchaser administration will be better. In the reenactments of the organizations machines, the operators of the product speak to the individual segments of the supply framework, for example, trucks, drivers, stores, and so on. The conduct of every executor is customized by means of decides that copy genuine conduct, e.g., Dispatch this truck just when it is full or Make more cleanser when stock tumbles to x days request. (Memo to Oracle 2012) These reenactments let Procter Gamble performs consider the possibility that examines to evaluate the impact of new logistics methods on three key measurements: (1) stock levels, (2) transportation costs, (3) in-store stock-outs. The models considered option administers on events, for example, in requesting and delivery, strategies on item portion in dispersion focus, guaging of interest, and so on. Agent-based demonstrating is accepted to have brought a few changes that Procter Gamble in a broad sense needed to make in the event that they were to be adaptable and versatile, Kellam (Procter Gambles Director of Supply Network Innovation) says, clarifying that changes fell into the accompanying three expansive regions: 1. Unwinding of unbending tenets, frequently irrationally, so as to enhance the general execution of the supply organize that obliged some social progressions, for example, persuading cargo administrators that it is at times adequate to release a truck half-full. 2. More adaptability in circulation. For instance, it is conceivable to restock a retailer in 24 hours instead of the standard 48 to 72 hours. 3. More adaptability in assembling. In view of bits of knowledge picked up by the models, Procter Gamble is in a far-reaching way re-tooling its assembling courses of action with the goal that it is no more creates long runs of a solitary item however rather has the capacity create each item consistently. The profits incorporate less stock-outs and more content clients. Procter Gamble uses Supply Chain Management programming from SAP AG, however it turned to a minor New Mexico organization when its long endeavors to abatement stock levels delivered just minimal changes. Procter Gamble went to Bios Group on the grounds that they think uniquely in contrast to the way Procter Gamble does things. utilizing this most recent engineering has made Procter Gamble convey merchandise to the correct spot at the opportune time giving great client fulfillment and expanding its piece of the overall industry. ( Daily Finance 2012) A.g. Lafley, President and Chief Executive Officer Procter Gamble, says, In this way, by utilizing this engineering, the greatest effects on our business have been upgrades in administration, cost and velocity. We know were conveying better purchaser administration, better client and supplier administration and better worker benefit all through the world as an aftereffect of the way were utilizing the Internet based, Agent-based displaying of unpredictable, versatile frameworks Supply Network. The Influence of the System to the company Jeff Schomburger, Procter Gambles Customer Business Development pioneer in Western Europe (Computerworld 2003) expresses that, Out-of-stocks are an extensive issue, frustrating and putting at hazard our dedicated customers. We can alter these issues by making out-of-stock diminishment a top industry need. Retailers and Manufacturers need to cooperate on instruments and methodologies to dispose of it. The most influential brand names are useless unless they are on items that show up on the right retire at the opportune time to meet the desires of their clients, the customers all inclusive. The Supply Chain Management is so basic to Procter Gambles productivity, and to its notoriety for quality and dependability. Their Supply Chain groups have the test of guaranteeing that the items are on-rack, on-calendar and on plan. Procter Gamble lives up to expectations towards accomplishing the ideal offset including its business techniques, its gigantic stores of specialized assets and above all, its kin. Procter Gamble has a solid record of mechanical and scholarly accomplishment and interpersonal abilities, so one can successfully work with individuals from assorted foundations internationally. Procter bet convey predominant client and logistics administrations. Quality, worth and engineering are the center of their item supply association, which incorporates Customer Services, Integrated Logistics, Purchases, Manufacturing and Engineering. Together, these orders convey results of remarkable quality at the most moderate costs and boat those items in the most secure, most effective way that is available, all to profit purchasers as far and wide as possible. Logistics is in charge of anticipating client request, then guaranteeing the productive circulation of their items through the Supply Chain to store racks. Client administration individuals concentrate on the last venture of the Supply Chain that of conveying items to the clients in the right qualities at the opportune time and in immaculate condition. Acquiring has the aptitudes in business investigation, building connections, counseling top administration, arranging, and advancing worldwide sourcing procedures to improve the Companys general Competitive Advantage. Assembling includes making the items. Procter Gamble apply heading edge, high engineering frameworks and procedures to create high caliber at the most reduced expense, which helps it to accomplish high esteem for its clients. Recommendations †¢ Secure administration help before beginning to overhaul supply organize. Not to let governmental issues sentence the activity to disappointment. Coordinated effort inside the association is normally just as troublesome as outer cooperation with exchanging accomplices. Distinctive capacities and offices need to create genuine inner coordinated effort to make a consistent purchaser driven supply arrange conceivable. †¢ Leverage the worth IT can acquire joining request and supply side business forms. Senior chiefs wont require much inciting to perceive the waste of showcasing assets that happens when customers land at a vacant rack. Persuading them that interest in IT and a speedier, more adaptable store network can take care of the issue may take longer. †¢ Simplify their applications structural planning to permit shared business procedures and adapt to changes in system collusions. It is pivotal to outline an adaptable, corresponded business applications structural planning for collective business forms. Not to sit tight for flawlessness, yet put resources into comprehension engineering and its potential effect on your business. It is critical that new operations can be included or separated rapidly (in under six months) when the inexorable acquisitions and divestitures happen. Limit the quantity of frameworks used to abstain from being overpowered by interfacing issues that add little to how the money adds up. †¢ Webifying their internal frameworks will only open their insufficiencies to a greater group of onlookers. Since this gathering of people is precisely the gathering of outside accomplices they require as close and sure co-conspirators, not to promote their shortcomings. They cant make progressed close ongoing cooperation work without secure and productive inside system. Conclusion Procter and Gamble is an eminent global organization which has its plants operating all around the world in several countries henceforth creating jobs in developed as well as developing economies. They have successfully diversified their product line and captured a higher market share as compared to their competitors. Though there is no single competitive set for the company due to its range of products, the supply chain management has a vital role to maintaining this advantage. The introduction and adherence to Network Chain communication over flow-on fashion, they have really aligned all their major accounts with the suppliers. This system is the pivotal change as to where Procter and Gamble stands currently. Steering and regulating the supply chain attributes a sense of accomplishment to the company. Hence, the efficacious management of this aspect will definitely prove to be a worthily contributing factor towards product excellence. Bibliography Christopher, M., 2011.Logistics and Supply Chain Management. 4th ed. UK: Emerald Group Publishing. Procter and Gamble. 2014.PG India. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.pg.com/en_IN/. [Accessed 13 October 14]. Fortune. 2011.Brand Rankings. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.rankingthebrands.com/The-Brand-Rankings.aspx?rankingID=50year=333. [Accessed 10 October 14]. UK Essays. November 2013. Procter And Gamble Supply Chain Management Marketing Essay. [online]. Available from: http://www.ukessays.com/essays/marketing/procter-and-gamble-supply-chain-management-marketing-essay.php?cref=1 [Accessed 14 October 2014]. Procter Gamble Supply Chain

Is Journalism Storytelling?

Is Journalism Storytelling? Using relevant theoretical perspectives considered during the semester and two examples of journalism, is journalism storytelling? Why? Introduction Many journalists entered the profession for a simple reason a love of storytelling. Journalism as storytelling has been found in many ways of the humanities. Storytelling is a valid way to share facts, ideas and to convince. The storytelling closely link to journalism where journalists want to reach their audience, to convince the reader that deep emotional level with their followers. Journalists have researched multiple ways that storytelling can utilize to reach to their audience in order to get audience’s attention.Moreover, McQuail (1992, Media Performance p291) states that ‘news’ is not impartial or objective. Things happen, but this does not mean that they become news – Not all the of events can be reported because of the sheer number. McQuail also argues that news is the product of socially manufactured production, because its the end result is a selective process. Gatekeepers, such as editors and journalists, and sometimes owners, to choose and jud ge what events are important enough to pay and how to cover them. News story can be used in journalism but at a price. Many journalists create stories may missing the fact in order to fill their space with personal opinions or emotion.This makes many viewers overlook these articles for audience they think more of the facts based. Narrative journalism However, with the idea of storytelling in journalism is has leaded to narrative journalism and long-form journalism. This type of journalism unlike directly news story, which provide the basic who, what, where, when and why of the story, instead, narrative news stories are longer and allow the writer to employ more elements of prose writing.Stories that are considered narrative journalism often appear in magazines and allow a reporter to approach a subject in different ways. Generations ago, narrative journalism was the rule of reporting, rather then the exception.Story (and sometimes subjectively and considerable by todays standards) in the magazine and newspaper readers through a fascinating story to tell completely from the authors views and experience.But, time have absolutely changed. Nowadays, narrative journalism is not commonly used by most mainstream media outlets. In fact, many journalists adhere to very basic formula or the use of inverted pyramid report style, to keep the ir writing style simple and easy to edit.Some may even not familiar with the technique, had never learned it as beat journalists in their career. however there is still a lot of room for narrative journalism in todays world marketplace where the Internet is available all day and all night, and authors or journalists avid to test their competence using a new technique may truly enjoy writing a news â€Å"report that reads much more like a story than a series of objectively written paragraphs†(Angelique Caffrey ,2012)In the JoBenet Ramsey case, for instance,the media and news has obsessed for nearly two decade. â€Å"The Ramsey murder a decade ago, along with the O.J. Simpson case in 1994, as one journalist noted, â€Å"helped redefine mainstream journalism as a form of soap operatic storytelling,† i.e., were benchmarks in its degradation to its current wretched state.† (David Walsh,2006,p2)Jonbenet Ramseys death is a tragedy and its surroundings keep an ominous, but this is a cold case from 18 years ago.The continued interest in every detail of her murder case seems to imply that the past 18 years havent seen any other murder of innocent and pure children, until now, her novelty cases continue to control the public interest.the question is over so many years, why the case still has attracted the attention of journalism and the general public, indeed, â€Å"The newest headlines on JonBenet Ramsey are detrimental because they take the place of more valuable news stories.†(Carina Kolodny,2013,p16). Journalism as storytelling, in the narrative way make the news novelty and catch public’s attention. New-journalism storytelling Primitively, journalism storytelling emerged on the newspapers in western countries, among which, Australia is a typical representative.Today, the highest wave of journalism storytelling presents in the press circle in America(Dubrovin 1995,p37).In the mid-19th century, majorities of the developed countries in Europe and America realized industrial revolutions.During that period, the economy conditions in these countries were dramatically improved, the urbanization was accelerated, and the presses publishing newspapers on liberalism were established.The political parties reduced forces on the press and numerous cheap newspapers without independent political and economic restrictions were published(Connery 1992,p14).On September 3, 1833,The Sunwas established, officially symbolizing the emergence of cheap newspapers.Subsequently in America, the most developed country, cheap newspapers represented byThe SunandThe Heraldemerged in succession(Chance 2001).With the purpose of making profi ts, varieties of social news were issued on these newspapers to meet the demands of low-educated and poorly off citizens and to avoid offending the political parties and the government that could affect the development of the newspapers(Cassady 1990).These pieces of news written by vulgar words and sentences were mainly about interesting and exciting stories collected from the publics social life.The appearance of such popular newspapers is viewed as the origin of journalism storytelling. During 1960 to 1970, a new genre of journalism, the New-journalism, emerged in western countries. â€Å"It emphasized to obtain opinions on internal events by perceiving and interviewing, instead of approaches of regular information collection and stereotypical questionnaire surveys†(Cassady 1991).Techniques of expression of writing novels were also adopted.It laid stress on the writing methods and description styles. â€Å"New-journalism theoretically put forward the composing direction fo r news storytelling, making a space for the literary journalism†(Eason 1981).It was particularly popular in that period and was significantly recorded on the history of Australian journalism.Except for that it meet the demand of the times, New-journalism has some characteristics which include the following: Firstly,new-journalism broke the traditional news model of stating the facts impersonally.Coming to the front stage from the backstage(Eason 1981,), the journalists directly expressed their moods, feelings, and opinions or suggestions when editing the news stories.In newswriting, the journalists subject consciousnesses and emotions were presented and strengthened(Eason 1981).Secondly,new-journalism enriched expression skills for news reports.It adopted methods of novel writing, combined news with literature, and satisfied the publics needs of listening stories.Various literary expression skills, such as multi-scenes combination, the third person narration, the first person narration, details description, compound characters, and composition ways of making flashback, repetition, indication, and suspense(Farrell 1991).It changed the stereotypical inverted pyramid writing model and showed audiences a lively world that the journalists perceive, expanding selections for the public and mee ting the publics demand for diverse cultures(Ducey 1997).New-journalism in western countries gradually fade with a short brilliant history.However, the journalism storytelling became attractive to the public. Journalism and news as social construction It is hard for journalism, in any form, to be a true construction or reflection of society, on account of the factor included in the production of news. Human interest, human fault and the fallacy of the management, and other factors interweave together, blurred the boundaries between fact and fiction. Potter(1998; p15) demonstrated that â€Å"news is not something that happens; instead, news is what gets presented. We almost never see news events as they happen. Instead, we are shown the media’s manufactured construction of the events.† Yet journalism can be defined very simply as storytelling or news information of any form. However, not all of the current events or stories can be presented in the media, and like this, only news are considered as â€Å"news value† or â€Å"newsworthy is able to bring it into the media for spread to the audience and general public. According to Galtung and Ruge(1970), â€Å"the earliest form of systematic classification for ne wsworthiness†(Tony Harcup Deirdre ONeill p261-280), there are eleven news values, the meeting will make the event is more likely in news to be reported. The news values are frequency, clarity, consonance, continuity, actions of the elite, negativity,threshold, cultural proximity,unexpectedness, composition and personification. In the above-mentioned system, the story to satisfy the more points or value, the greater the chance that it will be published in the news. News report channels use the relaxing and interesting way of storytelling to convey information to the mass.Journalism storytelling is popular with the audiences, however, with its rapid development, some shortages are increasingly exposed. Journalism storytelling has erroneous tendency to negative events.Generally, in order to catch the audiences eyes, the news contents are easily focus on happenings from the dark side of the society.Taking an example of how the news value are applied in selection of a story, the 9-11 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Cen tre towers in NYC, the news has a large number of news values, the magnitude of this plane attacks made them relate all over the world and that kind of news about crime and violence are often reported, even events on disaster or damage are mainly propagated.There are positive reports to revive the whole process and details of the events; however details description on murder, eroticism, and other stodgy and low-class events are over presented(Breneman 1983).On the whole, journalism storytelling is lack of true and impersonal perspectives and the publics supervision function on its news contents is weakened.Frequently, bloody events that are not related to the common peoples daily life are played on the life channels.The stimulating and abnormal scenes, ironic tittles and topics are often highlighted to attract the audiences attention and to make the news stories widely spread.Such effects turn out to be over-commercialized, which are of unhealthy impacts on the publics life. Reference list Denis McQuail, 1992, Media Performance:Mass Communication and the Public Interest, London/California,P291 Angelique Caffrey,2012,Journalism and Narrative Journalism,p2 David Walsh,2006, US media disgraces itself once again: Rush to judgment in the JonBenet Ramsey case,p2 Carina Kolodny,2013,Why Do We Care About JonBenet Ramsey?p16 Vivian Dubrovin (1995),Create Your Own Storytelling Stories,p37 Connery, Thomas B, 1992, Discovering a Literary Form.† A Sourcebook of American Literary journalism:Representative Writers in an Emerging Genre. New York: Greenwood,p14 W.James Potter, 1998, Theory of Media Literacy:A Cognitive Approach USA,p15 Tony Harcup Deirdre O’Neill, 2010,What is News?:Galtung and Ruge revisited; p261-280 Should Cannabis Be Legalised In Australia? Should Cannabis Be Legalised In Australia? Cannabis is a plant that is grown using organic fertiliser, other names includes marijuana, marihuana, hashish, hemp and ganja which is made from dried leaves and small green flowers from the cannabis plant itself, it contains narcotics and tough fibres that are used to make ropes, medicine, furniture and many others. Cannabis is known as a soft illicit drug that is commonly used. It is usually smoked but can also be eaten to get the immediate intoxicated effect but each person experiences different effects reasons being how strong the drug is, if they are an experienced user, the mood of the user and many other reasons within the individual. Earls and Robert studied marihuana and came with while opium kills ambition and deadens initiatives, marihuana incites to immorality and crime (Earls and Robert Rowell, 2003). Short-term effects may include; brain slowing, intoxicated which is also known as stoned or high and happy and relaxed feelings. Others may experience negative effects such as being paranoid, feeling anxious and panic attack. Some physical effects include short-term memory, heart rate increase, bloodshot eyes, coordination which can cause unsafe driving and increase in appetite often known as the munchies. Long-term effects may include; increase risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease due to the raise in heart rate, lung disease, ability to learn because of short-term memory, sperm count for males decreases and females experience irregular period patterns. Cannabis is illegal in Australia and most other first world countries and by law it is not to be grown, sell or possessed, it is a crime to do so and penalties will be given according to The Australian Drug Misuse Trafficking Act (1985). Cannabis is illegal due to many reasons such as; addiction, where people are hooked on to the drug and which will eventually ruin their lives through excessive usage, this is the same as alcohol which is a totally legal drug. The government claims that cannabis is more and highly addictive compared to alcohol which is why it is not legalised. Users would become aggressive and have a psychotic effect when taking the drug which leads to criminal activities. Cannabis is not accepted for medical use, even though it helps pain relief and benefits others in medical use but still caused a lot of diseases which the government is trying to help decrease, such as lung cancer, and cancer itself. Other reasons include that cannabis was linked to narcotics together with other illicit drugs, heroin, morphine and cocaine in 1914; these drugs are highly illegal and has brought cannabis along the line with them. Cannabis is now used by people all over the world illegally and legally and now it is not seen as an ethnic drug. The American governments started to look into Cannabis and came up with ideas on making it illegal, hemp was common and is used in making ropes, cloth and paper was considered dangerous and was a treat to people, people were being violence after smoking cannabis and led them to commit crime. Cannabis was announced illegal by (The Marijuana Tax Act of 1937). Cannabis should be legalised in Australia because it will benefit the government and country in many ways, some advantages on legalising cannabis include; government making money on tax, which will be better for the economy as cannabis is a billion dollar industry. Cannabis is grown with organic fertilizer and is an organic plant unlike other illicit drugs such as heroin and cocaine when many other chemicals are used to make the drug. Tobacco is considered more dangerous compared to cannabis as tobacco uses 4000 different chemicals such as nicotine, tar, rat poison and many others which are harmful to the users as cannabis is an organic grown plant. This will benefit people with healt issues as it does not contain many other chemical like tobacco. Cannabis is a valued plant and is expensive since growing the plant takes time and organic fertilizer must be used. Pricing around the illegal market on cannabis is $200 to $300 and ounce (28grams). Through research foundings on cannabis users increases dramatically every year, in the US it is estimated that 2million people will try the illicit drug every yeah and 1 percentage of the population estimated to try cannabis every year and become addicted. Cannabis was a legalised drug back in the 1920s early 1930s, but since the US government came up with ideas to ban the drug due to their reasons of the drug threatens and is dangerous. Cannabis is now the most illicit drug used all over the world illegally and legally, in certain parts of Canada cannabis is legal where they have marijuana pubs and bars where people can come in for a smoke with friends and to relax. If cannabis was legalised in Australia it will stop people smoking illegally, being paranoid and decrease in illegal activities such as smuggling cannabis from other countries or states, drug trafficking and trades. This highlights that society accepted the fact that view on marijuana is to be socially accepted. Legalising cannabis will allow the nation to gain instant and long term benefits also give benefit in medical use, where it could be used to assist in pain relief and cure other diseases that prescription drugs might now be able to do. Victims suffering from diseases such as glaucoma and the people who needs treatment for antinausea will be able to find the drug easily This will benefit chemists and can help with increasing the market share and income. Ideas that the government may look into is that proper education should be involved in training users on the drug itself, how to use the drug and the recommended amount of usage each time to prevent from overdose. Cannabis should be a prescription drug if it was to be legalised and doctors only allow certain amount each time for the patient or user. Disadvantages on legalising cannabis include; people not claiming tax as they can grow the plants from home, which will become an illegal activity since they are hiding from the government to turn away from tax. Financial issues since education for cannabis users which will cost a lot of money and time for the government if they decided to legalised the illicit drug. Crime rates may arise as the drug may have different effects on the individual, it may cause aggressiveness, psychotic and criminal activities. This will have a huge impact on safety for the society as it may affect users on unsafe driving and lose of memory in short-term use. Legalising cannabis will also have an impact on creating more diseases such as lung cancer, heart disease, and learning abilities as users experience short -term memory. Advantages on criminalisation if cannabis was legalised include; a decrease on criminal offences such as smuggling drugs into the country, trading and selling the drug to people. It will allow the government to fight other drug related crimes that are more important and a risk to the society such as heroin and cocaine dealers, fraud and murderers. If cannabis was legalised users would stop being paranoid about using or buying the drug as they would become more relaxed and free. The war on drug isnt accomplishing much as people are still out there illegally smuggling, trading and selling drugs so this can be decreased if cannabis was to be legalised as it will reduce the government on spending large amount of money on enforcements every year which will help in increasing the countrys revenue. It is prohibited but people are still out there making money and doing illegal business, there was an increase tax on alcohol so if cannabis was to be legalised it should have a higher tax on it as well. It is impossible to stop drug dealers as they always got an way to deliver their goods, they are always one step ahead and if one criminal is caught there is others out there doing the same, it just continues and it is something the government cannot stop. In 1987, 10 billion dollars were spent alone just on enforcing drug laws. Drugs accounted for about 40 percent of all felony indictments in the New York City courts in 1989. This figure quadrupled since 1985. Forty percent of the people in federal prison are drug law violators (Long 114). As it raises every year that money could be spent on other things that will benefit the economy such as schools, roads and homeless. The black market would vanish and illegal traders and dealers would be out of business since productions would bec ome licensed only. Disadvantages if cannabis was to be legalised include; people would still do illegal business to make money, since they want to keep away from tax. Legalising cannabis will eventually make the good people become bad, as they will be addicted to the legalised drug and it will affect their daily lives due to the effects on the drugs such as short-term memory, it allows people to be violent and aggressive, become psychotics and will put the society at risk, crime rates will rise and the roads will be more dangerous than it is now as to drink drivers. Cannabis effects peoples coordination so unsafe driving is a major risk, leaving it risky to others on the roads. The government will have to spend more money on stoping drug users from committing crimes or death rates will increase as is allows people to experience being aggressive, and psychotic behaviours with the use to the drug if it is legalised. In conclusion cannabis should be legalised as it will benefit people with medical use, help in decreasing crime rate, reduce and die out the black market, improve the countrys revenue and allows the government to make money on tax just like the high tax they gain from alcohol. At the same time it may disadvantage the country in a few ways such as crime rates due to the drug giving side effects of aggressiveness and psychotic, where that is easier to prevent unlike the black market.