Interview with a Librarian Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Interview with a Librarian - Essay Example In this paper, we try to identify the various functions and duties of the school library media specialist and make an analysis of the various standards of the duties provided in the manuals and the actual duties performed by specialists. We may gather the various duties of a media specialist in an interview one of the school library media specialists. As a first step, let us identify some of the remarkable trends in the school library media center. Unlike the school libraries of the past which were just places to avail some material and books for the assignments and other activities, the idea has now shifted towards the exciting and more beneficial concept of the school library media center. In this system, the access to information and any useful material is much higher and wide variety of format, both printed and electronic, is available which aid the new generation students in their multi layered assignment purpose and the like. The most remarkable advantage of the modern school library media centers is that they serve the students greatly and play a major role in the development of their various aspects and education. These school library media centers act as powerful agents in the various areas connected with student learning and education such as finding, analyzing, evaluating, interpreting, and communicating information and ideas. "It is where students learn to find, analyze, evaluate, interpret and communicate informat ion and ideas--skills they will need as adults to live and work in an information-based society. In addition to serving as independent learning centers, the programs of many centers are directly integrated into the curriculum" (American Association for School Librarians, 2006). The twenty first century school library media centers have various trends that make the system more effective. Before we go on to the discussion about the major duties of school library media specialists in the interview, let us analyze some of the major trends in the system. One most important among the trends is the flexibility in student spaces which gives the students ample space to work and do group activities. Possessing a teaching lab and large instructional area helps the students in various ways in their activities and works. Thus, the trend of more flexibility in student space is an advantageous development as far as the students are concerned. Another major trend in school library media center is the development in visual literacy which has great importance in the student learning activity. The development of modern technique and the growth in the teaching instruments also have proven to affect the modern student learning. Visual aids in teaching have been more extensively used in the modern times. Thus, the awareness about the LCD projectors and other visual aids is found the remarkable characteristic of the modern school library media center. Extended access to the school library media center can be considered yet another major trend in the area. Thus, the working time of the school library media center has been extended as well as the access of the students to the center widened. The time the students spend in the library and the media center has increased extremely. Therefore the usefulness of the libraries to the students

Impact of mining on indigenous communities Essay Example for Free

Impact of mining on indigenous communities Essay Indigenous Peoples pertains to any ethnic group who occupy a particular geographic area by which they have the most primitive historical association (Maybury-Lewis).   Though the term itself does not have a standard definition, the above description is most commonly used to characterize the term indigenous peoples. The common characteristics shared by the indigenous peoples include subsistence-based production which involves indigenous group’s most basic way of production such as agricultural, pastoral, and hunting and gathering (Maybury-Lewis). The usual lifestyle which the indigenous people are said to have is more of a nomadic means. Though indigenous communities are considered only as minority, they can be found at almost all climate regions across the globe. Indigenous Peoples have a very wide range of concerns that are mainly associated with their relationship and interaction among other cultures and civilizations. Though reports said that the promotion of the indigenous peoples welfare is being upheld in many parts of the globe, still there are indigenous communities which experience human rights abuse. Among the most known concerns of the indigenous peoples include land ownership, access to natural resources, protection of the environment against environmental exploitation and degradation, political autonomy, poverty, healthcare services, and racial or cultural discrimination (Maybury-Lewis).

The Rise Of A Nation: United States Becomes The Number One Super Power

The United States experienced many different world events that helped propel it to becoming the world’s super power. From the Monroe Doctrine which would help the United States isolate itself from the Colonialism of the European nations and set itself as the super power of the America’s, to the Spanish American War which ended Spanish rule in the America’s as well as helped the United States acquire its own territories, to the first and second World Wars which ultimately bankrupted all of Europe, to the rise and fall of Communism and the ending of the Cold War. So why were these events so important to the rise of the United States? As the Spanish began losing its territories to independence in Central and South America, the United States adopted the Monroe Doctrine to help isolate these American countries from outside European nations so it could become the dominant nation in the America’s. The Monroe doctrine helped the United States set up puppet nations in Central and South America who were loyal to United States business and political interest. From the Monroe Doctrine many Central American and Southern American countries gained their independence from Spanish rule; the doctrine stated that any European nation that tried to force its rule upon the rebelling central and southern American nations would also have to face United States intervention. The United States was able to keep these new nations from really prospering while exploiting their natural resources for American business. Take for example the Panama Canal; put in place by the American government and funded by American business. It hel ped fuel the American economy; as well as showed the United States military might, and made it clear that the Monroe Doctrin... ...super power in the world. Throughout the United States history it had to struggle to be taken seriously as a country, however, in its short time as a developing nation it was able to become the most powerful and prosperous nation in the Americas and later through European and Asian events become the most powerful and prosperous nation in the world. The Spanish American War, WWI and WWII and the fall of communism are the most significant events that helped the United States become the super power it is today. Because of the United States location on the globe it was able to stay out of the heavy bombing European and Asian countries had experienced. Without these war torn cities the United States prospered by helping rebuild European nations, which propelled the United States into economic prosperity. These events marked the United States into super power status.

Bullying on the Bus Essay

By putting cameras and audio equipment in places where children congregate, schools can protect children from bullying and solve the problem. It is our responsibility to keep our children safe even if it is from other children. Bullying happens every day it happens in school, on the school bus, on the way home from school, in the bathrooms, in the hallways, even in the classrooms under the teachers noses. People may think that this is someone else’s problem that it is not their concern but it is everyone’s problem. While doing the research for this paper I came across this story written in a book by (Cheryl E. Sanders; Gary D. Phye) in the Kaplan Library. It was around February of 2003, it was about a 13 year old girl who was attending a middle school in a Denver suburb, she had to change schools for concern of her life (Kirksey, 2003). That wasn’t the first time she believed she was going to die. At the age of 9-years-old, she lost one of her legs to cancer. If that wasn’t a big enough scare for a child her age. As a young amputee, she should have made friends easily and obtained compassion from her peers, but in its place she faced bullying. An ‘‘under- ground’’ group of several girls used vocal hostility to terrorize her. Directing blasphemous and frightening messages such as ‘‘die, bitch, die’’ and ‘‘you better watch your back’’ via a website on the Internet as well as corresponding with her at school were the major settings for the bullying. After 5 months of living amidst this horror, she (with her mother’s reassurance) elected to depart the community middle school and register at another school. They wished to find a pleasing atmosphere where she could thrive, learn, and feel secure. Regrettably, statistics designate that this young girl and others like her are liable to encounter the identical antagonism at a fresh school (Beale & Scott, 2001). Bullying in School and on the Bus Intimidation is no longer considered a ‘rite of passage’ or ‘what kids do’ but instead has turn out to be an progressively life-threatening hindrance that can have lethal penalties. Youths all over the United States withstand harassment on a daily basis. Children who are targets need adult direction, counseling and a place to seek sanctuary. A better familiarity of mistreatment will help not only recognize the victims and bullies but also facilitate understanding of what it is, where it occurs and why it is happening. Terrorizing is described as recurrent acts of antagonism against an individual in which the perpetrator deliberately and constantly harms another entity who is frailer than themselves (Olweus, 1993; Nansel et al, 2001). The culprit’s intention is to cause anguish to their sufferers over time verbally, physically or both (Nansel et al, 2001; Olweus, 1993). According to the US Department of Justice (nd) bullying is defined as: ‘repeated harmful acts and an imbalance of power. It involves repeated physical, verbal or psychological attacks or intimidation directed against a victim who cannot properly defend him or herself because of size or strength, or because the victim is outnumbered or less psychologically resilient’. The types of belligerent comportments that terrorized children undergo vary according to the length and extent of suffer vary according to the length and extent of are possibly the most well-known methods of harassment and include: hitting, punching, kicking, tripping, taking or destructive belongings (Archer and Coyne, 2005; Lamb et al, 2009; Selekmanand Vessey, 2004). Verbal acts can be more subtle and include insults, name calling, and verbal threats (Juvonen, Graham, and Schuster, 2003). Another type of peer viciousness is known as interpersonal or indirect bullying. Relational bullying may include spreading rumors shunning or excluding, gesturing, Bullying in School and on the Bus facial expressions and pitting one child against another (Archer and Coyne, 2005; Lamb et al, 2008). ‘ Intimidation by substitution ‘ involves influencing others to badger the victim by having someone from the group pick on the victim on behalf of the tormenter. ‘Online’ bullying or ‘cyberbullying’ is another well-liked form of harassment. In this method, a bully uses the Internet or other forms of digital communication such as text messaging to insult or intimidate their victim (Juvonen and Gross, 2008; Lamb et al, 2009). There is not one universally accepted definition of cyberbullying however there are common themes. Cyberbullying can be defined as the use of information and communication technologies such as, the internet, cell phones and other devices that are used to send pictures or message; to hurt, embarrass and harass deliberately and repeatedly an individual (Bauman, 2010; Campbell, 2005; Shariff, 2005; Vandebosch and Cleemput, 2009). Cyberbullying can be done alone or in groups. What I learned about myself as a writer is I hate writing and I am no good at it. I have no problem with what to think about what to write its getting it down on paper and it sounding interesting. That there are a lot of aspect that go into writing and I would never be able to write a book. I learned how to write a thesis statement. That they were a lot smarter then I was when it came to writing. I am not sure if I did it correctly so I have no idea.

The Nuclear Fusion Reactor Engineering Essay

Before any probes are done on reexamining suited stuffs for a atomic merger reactor, a general thought of the atomic merger itself had to be introduced. Nuclear merger is the procedure that is straight opposite of atomic fission[ 1 ]. It is a procedure that fuses two or more atomic karyon together in organizing a larger karyon. The karyon involved here are usually the isotopes of H as it is most executable to pull out energy from the merger of these atoms. This procedure releases enormous sum of energy[ 2 ]and it is believed to hold an energy denseness of three to four times greater than the energy denseness of atomic fission which itself is a million times greater of the energy denseness of chemical reactions. Besides that, atomic merger produced much lesser radioactive waste. ( 1 ) Therefore, merger is a really possible power beginnings that are both economically executable and safe. Besides that, merger fuel is renewable, abundant in nature and cheap ( 2 ) . However, to day of the month, there is non a executable operating commercial atomic merger power works. There are, nevertheless, several experimental merger reactors that are operational but they are non sustainable and therefore non executable at the minute. Inarguably, merger reactor is highly hard to construct. Fusion procedure itself is difficult to accomplish under normal fortunes. Fusion fuses 2 or more positively-charged karyon together and it is non hard to conceive of that the energy required to convey the karyon together is really big as the repulsive force force between two indistinguishable charged atoms is reciprocally relative to the square of the distance of the atoms[ 3 ]( 3 ) . In order to originate a merger procedure, it is required to heat the mixture of deuterium-deuterium ( DD ) or deuterium-tritium[ 4 ]( DT ) up to a temperature of non lower than 100 million Kelvin for the karyon to come near adequate to each other and fuse. At these temperatures, the H will be in a wholly ionised province known as plasma. ( 4 ) Presently, there are two ways to accomplish the temperature necessary for the atomic merger to take topographic point. They are, viz. , magnetic parturiency method and inertial parturiency method. Magnetic parturiency merger reactor uses magnetic and electric Fieldss to restrict the isotopes and heat them up to the needed temperature. Inertial parturiency merger reactor, on the other manus, uses optical maser beam or ion beams to heat up the plasma. ( 5 ) For the intent of this literature reappraisal, the magnetic parturiency method will be investigated as this method is considered as more dependable and hence, it is more extremely developed ( 6 ) . Among the magnetic parturiency merger experimental curates, International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor ( ITER ) will be peculiarly investigated together with Joint European Torus ( JET ) as the back uping probe. This is because ITER is the replacement of JET and ITER is presently the universes ‘ largest tokamak[ 5 ]atomic merger reactor which purpose to move as a operation and prolonging magnetic parturiency merger power works bring forthing net energy of 9 times the power its consume[ 6 ]( 7 ) . This is known to be the biggest graduated table of the merger reactor so far in the universe where the merger reactor will hold a really high energy generation and sustained burn. Upon the successful demonstration/experimentation in ITER, a all-out merger reactor will be able to be con structed on a larger graduated table based on the rule of ITER and benefits the world. Therefore, it is instead relevant to look into the potency of ITER in this reappraisal as if ITER is successfully built and demonstrated, a full graduated table power station that map wholly based on atomic merger can be produced. The building of ITER is still undergoing and expected to be completed in 2019.Objectives & A ; MotivationsThe aims of this literature reappraisal are to reexamine and take different stuffs that are suited in the building of the atomic merger reactor specific for ITER based on literatures available. In constructing a atomic merger reactor, different facets will hold to be considered and investigated as the standard for constructing a atomic merger power works is non easy satisfied. These will be farther discussed in this reappraisal. Therefore, in order to fulfill the different standards and different facets, different stuffs and their belongingss will hold to be consider ed before any choice is done. The motive of this literature reappraisal is based on the feasibleness and the limitless capablenesss of a atomic merger reactor. It is expected that non-renewable resources which are chiefly natural fossil fuels such as coal, crude oil and natural gas would be depleted by 2100. The present civilisation are mostly based on oil and gas in energy coevals and production and therefore by 2100, if alternate beginnings are non sought after, so the present civilisation would fall in due to the energy deficit ( 8 ) . Nuclear merger power works, a really promising energy beginning, is being investigated by the scientists and applied scientists as one of the alternate beginnings of energy upon depletion of fossil fuels. Nuclear merger power works would non potentially let go of C dioxide ( CO2 ) as pollutant to the ambiance therefore will non be lending to planetary heating. Fusion fuels are besides abundant in nature as heavy hydrogen and tritium can be easy obtained from saltwater and Li[ 7 ]easy. If all heavy hydrogen in one liter of H2O is used to blend with tritium, the energy produced by this will be tantamount to the combustion of 340 liters of gasoline ( 9 ) . Contrary to atomic fission, atomic merger leaves minimal or none of the radioactive waste. Contrary to atomic fission as good, the atomic merger power works have no potency of meeting a meltdown[ 8 ]at all and therefore will non do black consequence to the environing environment. For all these advantages, joint attempts from developed states all round the universe are sing atomic merger power works as a possible energy providing and therefore different constructs, proposals and designs had been proposed in order to construct a functional merger reactor. Therefore, it is non difficult to conceive of that the motive of the subject â€Å" Advanced Materials for Fusion Reactors † is wholly based on the fact that merger power works would be to a great extent dependent on in the hereafter if it is succeeded been developed.Components of Nuclear Fusion Reactors2.1 IntroductionThis literature reappraisal will get down with a general debut of the constituents of a magnetic parturiency atomic merger power works and how the power works plants, so will be divided into subdivisions look intoing the major proficient challenges of some constituents inside the reactor. Upon the proficient challenges are determined, the focal point of this reappraisal will be on choosing the stuff belongingss that are suited for the job an d therefore the appropriate stuff measure uping for the peculiar belongings.Magnetic Confinement Fusion Power PlantThere are presently different methods in accomplishing the parturiency of the hot plasma magnetically. Among the most recent and widely method used is Tokamak whereby ITER itself is based on the construct of Tokamak ( 10 ) . This might be due to the fact the Tokamak is the most well-developed magnetic parturiency system at the present phase. Illustration of the magnetic parturiency merger construct Figure: Conventional Diagram of a Tokamak ( 11 ) Figure: Conventional Diagram of the Tokamak in ITER ( 12 ) Figure 1 and Figure 2 both show the conventional diagrams of how a Tokamak will look like. The vacuity vas[ 9 ]on Figure 2 will incorporate plasma and will be the topographic point where the merger reaction will take topographic point. The cover faculty will be screening the vacuity vas from the high-energy neutron and bring forthing tritium for farther merger procedure ( 13 ) . The toroidal field spiral and poloidal field spiral[ 10 ]are responsible to make a magnetic field in perpendicular and horizontal way to restrict the hot plasma and maintain the plasma off from the wall ( 14 ) . The cardinal solenoid will on the other manus bring on the current in the fuel that will ionize the H fuel organizing the plasma, heat up the plasma to about one tierce of the temperature required by merger[ 11 ]( 14 ) and besides shape the magnetic field in the divertor part ( 15 ) . The divertor maps as an ‘exhaust ‘ to pull out heat from the merger reaction every bit good as the waste m erchandise – He ( 16 ) . As mentioned earlier, the merger requires a temperature of over 150 million Kelvin, and hence, the warming produced by plasma current is deficient to heat up the plasma. Therefore, external warming[ 12 ]will be required to heat up the temperature further to the desired 100 million Kelvin. As ITER is an experimental reactor to look into the possibility of a merger reactor, hence, there are besides extended nosologies systems that are installed on the Tokamak to analyze the belongingss of the plasma and the existent perfomance of the ITER ( 18 ) . Finally, the cryostat is responsible to incorporate and back up the whole Tokamak construction. ITER will non be able fo map with the whole Tokamak system entirely. It needs external system to back up it as a functional reactor. As explained above, the plasma will be contained in a vacuity vas and therefore a vacuity system will be needed to pump air out of the vacuity vas to make a status of highly low denseness and force per unit area[ 13 ]( 19 ) . Contrary to atomic fission, atomic merger reaction will merely happen one in a clip inside the tokamak. This means that certain sum of mass of H fuel[ 14 ]is injected into the vacuity vessels one at a clip and let the merger reaction to take topographic point. Therefore, a fuelling system must be used here. Due to the fact that the force per unit area inside the vas is really low and the fuel involved is really little, the merger reaction in ITER clearly will non do any lay waste toing consequence to the environment or the reactor once the reactor goes incorrectly. As the ITER is runing on a really big graduated table, much larger compared to its old version, hence, the magnets[ 15 ]will be heated up really rapidly and therefore is required to be cooled utilizing cryogenic engineering ( 21 ) . Distant handling is besides required in the ITER as it is impossible to make any fix or maintainance in the ITER while the reactor is active ( 22 ) . Like any other power works, ITER will necessitate a chilling system that will be responsible to chill or instead extract any heat released in the procedure ( 23 ) . For ITER, the heat will be dissipated to the milieus as it is an experimental reactor that are non responsible to bring forth electricity. For a real-life reactor, the heat extracted will be used to bring forth steam to turn the turbine which will in bend generate electricity. This would be the precisely same rule as a real-life power reactor. Ultimately, a power supply is required for ITER as it is impossible to bring forth any end product power without initial input power for a merger power works. These will be the chief constituents of a merger reactor. Each constituent will subsequently be investigated seperately together with the pick of stuff for the constituent. The general working rule behind a merger reactor like ITER will be as follow: First, all drosss and air are pump out of the vacuity vass. Fusion fuel will so be allowed to come in the reactor through the fuelling system. The cardinal solenoid will so bring on current to the fuel and inonize it into plasma while heating up the plasma. Simultaneously, the toroidal field spiral and poloidal field spiral will be activated and they will bring forth magnetic gield that will steer the plasma in weaving around the vacuity vas. External warming will farther heat up the temperature of the plasma up to around 150 1000000s Kelvin. The merger procedure will so get down. High-energy neutron will be released and absorbed into the cover. The energy produced by the neutron and the merger reaction will so be absorbed by the go arounding chilling H2O which will so disperse the heat consequently. Any merchandise that are left behind will so be exitting through the divertor.Material Challenges Presented in a Nuclear Fusion ReactorThere are several challenges that had to be faced in constructing a Tokamak type merger reactor. In fact, the challenges can be largely demonstrated on constructing an experimental reactor such as ITER. First and first, the neutron released by the merger reaction has a really high energy of about 14 MeV. Even fission reaction will merely let go of neutron of energy 2 MeV. Therefore, appropriate stuffs must be selected to see such neutron flux and barrage. Such barrage on any stuff will decidedly damage the stuff and induces radiation ( 24 ) . Besides neutron irradiation, the stuff must besides subject to gamma radiation flux and impersonal atom fluxes. Though non obvious, but the nosologies system in the ITER will besides necessitate to defy such rough environment in the vacuity vass ( 18 ) . The cover wall will function multiple intents every bit good. The cover wall needs to be able to bring forth tritium when interacting with the neutron release by merger reaction to farther fuel tritium for following merger ( 25 ) . The first wall of the plasma chamber will necessitate to confront the highly high temperature plasma every bit good. Therefore, it will be subjected to electromagnetic moving ridges of high energy which chiefly are X-rays ( 2 ) and highly high heat burden. Due to extreme heat flux, there might be hazard that stuffs will be evaporated from the divertor and being deposited on the plasma confronting surface ( 26 ) . As the merger power works like ITER use magnetisms to restrict the plasma, it is besides of import to observe that the magnets used in the power works must be of high efficiency. It is suggested that the magnets use here should be ace conducting as the power consumed by a normal magnet to restrict such plasma will be really immense ( 2 ) . As the divertor is responsible to wash up the byproduct of merger, it will hold to digest high heat tonss[ 16 ]and supply the shielding for neutron barrage every bit good ( 27 ) . The cardinal solenoid and poloidal field spirals will bring on a big and fluctuating magnetic field of about 1T at the first wall and 0.2T at the cryostat wall ( 26 ) . The operation of ITER is besides the largest to day of the month which it will necessitate to keep a steady-state operation of more than 1 hr. With that in head, this will be the harshest environment that is yet to be experienced by bing stuffs. Before any choices are done, the readers of this literature reappraisal are advised that the choice of all stuffs are done based on the diaries and the studies done by the ITER forces and applied scientists and their suitableness remains to be confirmed. There are besides some company being suggested by the ITER organisations that are specializing in production of different stuffs for each constituent. Readers that are interested can look up the company. The general choice of the stuffs for cardinal constituents had already been summarised in the Table 4 of Appendix. Full design specification of ITER can besides be viewed at ( 28 ) .General Structural MaterialThe general structural stuff here is the stuff for the in-vessel constituents[ 17 ], the vacuity vass and cryostat. There is a general understanding that the structural stuffs in a merger atomic power works should non bring forth any radioactive merchandises that have a long life clip and the ephemeral radioactive merchandise on the other manus should non do unacceptable safety effects. This is to forestall the volatile radioactive merchandises that might be released into the environment in the event of accidents and to understate the consequence of high decay heat[ 18 ]. This in footings regulations out the possibility of utilizing several debasing elements for steels in ITER. These include Nb, Mo, Co and Ni ( 29 ) . For ITER, the most suited structural stuff would be unstained steel ( SS ) . The class selected here would be type 316L ( N ) -IGX[ 19 ]austenitic SS. The steel selected here had many belongingss that are first-class for the ITER constructions. Among the belongingss are equal mechanical belongingss, good opposition to corrosion, able to be welded, forged, and casted[ 20 ], industrially available can be easy manufactured, much less sensitive to radiation embrittlement ( 32 ) . The austenitic SS here is besides well-known for its extended database and acceptable radiation harm opposition. Although some lessening in ductileness might happen due to irradiation at temperature of 275-375A °C, but this is sufficient for ITER operation ( 32 ) . The austenitic SS proposed for cryostat would be 304L. Although the steel is being selected, there are certain demands for the contents of the steel that must be satisfied. For a merger reactor, activated Co ( Co ) is really important in lending radiation dosage. Therefore, the decrease of Co content in all the chromium steel steel used to 0.05 % can cut down the activation of the constituents ( 30 ) . Besides Co, Nb would bring forth durable radioisotopes that will post a job in waste direction and decommissioning. For 316L ( N ) -IG SS, Nb is present as hint component. It is of import to cut down Nb content in the steel to 0.01 % ( 30 ) . Although the stuff for shielding of the chief vacuity vass will be SS 316L ( N ) -IG, the shielding of the primary vass[ 21 ]can be done utilizing SS 30467 with 2 % B[ 22 ]and the stuff for ferromagnetic shielding[ 23 ]can be done utilizing SS 430 ( 31 ) in the vacuity vas. Besides the general construction, the stuff of nickel-based-alloy keys and bolts[ 24 ]used must be investigated here every bit good. The general stuff for cardinal and bolts would be Inconel 718 ( 30 ) . The pick of stuff here is due to the fact that Inconel 718 has high strength, stamina and weariness opposition and it is widely used in atomic industry and commercially available ( 32 ) . The expected neutron irradiation experienced by the bolt would be 0.5 dpa, under such status, the strength of Inconel 718 will increase together with a little lessening in ductileness but it will non impact the overall constituent unity over its life-time. However, the low coefficient of thermic enlargement of Inconel 718 must be taken into consideration ( 33 ) .The BlanketAs mentioned in Section 2.3, the cover is a really of import constituent in ITER. The cover will hold to fulfill the undermentioned demand: To defy the high heat burden due to its close contact with the plasma. To retrieve tritium and to engender tritium fuel for new merger reaction. To supply thermic screening to the vas. To supply screening from neutron barrage and bring forth a little sum of radioactive waste. To retrieve heat by provide sufficient cooling/heat money changers. To protect the magnet spiral from the atomic radiation. In a merger reactor like ITER, the cover system is farther divided into 2 parts, viz. the first wall as the first bed of protection, and the cover as the shielding and tritium genteelness. Most of the neutron produced by the merger will go through through the first wall and are absorbed in the cover and the shield ( 2 ) . Therefore, the cover will be responsible to capture these neutrons while pull outing their energy and besides breed new tritium to replace tritium used in the merger procedure. The heat sink besides exists here to let heat exchange to take topographic point. On the other manus, the first wall will supply screening for tritium and in the ITER, it will be the most tritium-contaminated device ( 27 ) . The first wall is besides responsible to screen the constituent behind it from the direct contact with plasma. Therefore, the first wall should be able to defy the corrosion resulted from the plasma when they are in contact with one another. Besides, for the intent of eas y care, the cover wall is modular. The full cover parametric quantity is listed in Table 1 as shown below: Table: Blanket Parameter for ITER ( 500 MW merger reactor ) ( 27 ) Beryllium ( Be ) is the first pick of stuff for the tiles of the first wall. This is because of the undermentioned belongingss: low plasma taint, ability to defy big figure of perpendicular supplanting events ( 34 ) , low radiative power losingss, good O gettering provided that heat burden is non sufficient to vaporize Be, low tritium stock list[ 25 ]( 35 ) , absence of chemical spluttering, low atomic figure, the possibility of in situ fix of the harm faculties by plasma spray, first-class neutron and energy generation. The class of Beryllium selected is S-65C VHP due to its low content of metallic dross, high neutron irradiation opposition, high thermic weariness opposition, high elevated temperature ductileness and low cycling thermic weariness ( 30 ) . However, the chief job of Be are toxicity and handiness ( 25 ) . The toxicity will non be an issue[ 26 ]here and sing the handiness, Be can ever be reprocessed upon the terminal of the life clip of the reactor for new reactor. There is available engineering and processs to manage Be at current minute and the reprocessing is executable. The existent ingestion of Be will non be much of a concern. Other than that, there is a chief concern that the brickle break of Be is noticed when it is tested under low irradiation temperature[ 27 ]( 30 ) . Such embrittlement at low temperature could take to the brickle failure of the faculties. Additional R & A ; D is needed to analyze the break mechanics of S-65C VHP. It is besides noticed that Be is merely acceptable for a low-duty rhythm machine[ 28 ]such as ITER ( 34 ) . In decision, the first wall panels and the bulk of the internal Tokamak surface will be covered by Be. Their occupation is simple, to defy and reassign the heat from the plasma t o the chilling system via heat sink. In fact, for ITER and JET, there is already a company in Finland known as DIARC-Technology Inc. that is specialised in supplying the plasma coating ( 36 ) . It is of import besides to observe that ceramic complexs such as silicon-carbide ( SiC ) fibre-reinforced SiC-matrix had been conveying to the concern of the applied scientists. Ceramic complexs are of peculiar involvement due to the fact that the degree of radiation induced here is much lower[ 29 ]than that of a metallic construction ( 2 ) . However, with the high pay-off, it comes with high hazard. The high pay-off is evidently the first-class safety of SiC due to its highly low induced radiation, whereas the high hazard is uncertainness of the SiC public presentation and belongingss when it is subjected to irradiation under high temperature ( 37 ) . Table 2 is attached naming the cardinal constituents required if the new-generation SiC is chosen to be used as the structural stuff and the nucleus stuff[ 30 ]in the power works. Several issues need to be raised before sing SiC: the cost of fiction of the complexs, the connection method, low thermic conduction under irradiation at hig h temperature, and the maximal operating temperature around the cover and the constructions of the works. SiC had been considered in assorted power works designs such as TAURO, DREAM, and AIRES-AT. However, it is non being considered as the chief structural stuff in ITER due to its unpredictable public presentation. Further R & A ; D might be required to develop SiC into a high public presentation merger power works nucleus stuff with safety advantages. Detailed plants can be referred at ( 37 ) . Table: Suggested Parameters for a SiC-based Fusion Power Plant ( 37 ) Besides the screening consequence by the first wall, cover besides act as a tritium breeder. The suited stuff here would be Li or Li compounds as it will absorb the high-energy neutron and release tritium as shown in Equation 1 and 2 below ( 2 ) . The first reaction will devour energy of 2.87 MeV but it will bring forth an extra neutron that can undergo farther reaction to engender tritium. The 2nd reaction will take to an energy production of 4.8 MeV. The enrichment of the Li in the compounds depends on the type of power reactor. Equation.Equation Among the Li compounds, Lithium zirconate ( Li2ZrO3 ) is preferred as the genteelness cover due to its good irradiation stableness, its good compatibility with steel, low tritium keeping at low temperature, and insensitiveness to wet ( 31 ) . The Li here can be enriched to 90 % to heighten the genteelness of tritium. The genteelness cover here will be in the signifier of pebbles. The proposed agreement of the breeder would be holding 2-3 breeder zones embedded in Be tiles giving the net tritium genteelness ratio of greater than 0.8 ( 31 ) . Ultimately, the dramatis personae steel can be used as the concluding shielding portion of the first wall ( 30 ) . In the design of ITER, a high thermic conduction stuff, known as heat sink, will be placed in between the armor and the chilling channels with its chief fuction being reassigning the heat fluxes and energy extracted by the first wall to the coolants, cut downing the thermic emphasiss undergone by the protecting constituent expeditiously. Therefore, for the heat sink, the Cu ( Cu ) metal would be preferred due to its high thermic conduction. The class selected here would be CuCrZr metal. However, the belongingss of CuCrZr alloy depend extremely on its thermomechanical intervention and fabrication procedure. Provided the fabrication procedure will impact the belongingss minimally, CuCrZr will hold high break stamina at high temperature. Besides CuCrZr is a weldable stuff and it is widely available in the market. Although the metal will exhibit radiation hardening, lessening in ductileness, and loss of the ability for work indurating at low neutron irradiation temperature, the public pr esentation of the metal still meets ITER ‘s standards ( 32 ) . However, this CuCrZr metal will be differ from the standard one in footings of its content. For the standard metal, the Cr contents would change from 0.4 % to 1.5 % and Zr contents would change from 0.03 % to 0.25 % , nevertheless, the metal used in ITER would utilize a much narrower scope[ 31 ]. The ground of restricting Cr in much narrower scope is to cut down the possibility of formation of harsh Cr precipitates which will affection the radiation opposition. Zr on the other manus will do hardening of metal and influences the recrystallization temperature and the ageing clip. The restriction of O in the metal to less than 0.002 % and the entire sum of drosss to less than 0.03 % is besides needed for a better embrittlement opposition ( 30 ) . Besides the stuffs for each constituent, the stuff of the articulations of heat sink to the cover faculties and to the overall construction needs to be considered every bit good. To bond the heat sink onto the armour stuffs, a procedure known as Hot Isostatic Pressing ( HIP ) is introduced ( 36 ) . HIP bonding is a type of fabricating procedure that will adhere metals together while cut downing the porousness of the metals and it will ensue in tight geometrical tolerance. The status of the HIP of the two stuffs is furthered explain in ( 32 ) and ( 31 ) . In fact, the articulations of Be/Cu and Cu/SS had been successfully tested under heat flux up to 12 MW/m2 under 4500 rhythms ( 31 ) . In UK, there is an technology company known as AMEC worked with the bonding of the hot sink to the Be foremost wall. Detailss for HIP fall ining engineerings can be viewed at ( 31 ) , ( 38 ) and ( 39 ) . Figure: Blanket Flexible Support Attachment ( 32 ) There is another stuff concern here for the covers attachment. As shown in Figure 3, it is necessary to attach the cover to the vacuity vass. The ITER design is such that a flexible cartridge is screwed onto the vas and bolted through the entree hole in the cover faculty. The stuff here needs to fulfill the undermentioned standards: high strength, must be able to defy high axial burden forces and let elastic distortion during flexing. The pick of stuff here would be titanium alloy – Ti-6Al-4V ( 32 ) . This stuff is widely used and so its database is instead complete. The stuff itself besides has low Young modulus ( 31 ) . The ductileness of the stuff is non capable to any alterations as the dosage it will be exposed to as the protection from the cover faculty itself minimise the barrage of the energetic neutron onto the cartridge.Divertorshypertext transfer protocol: //www.iter.org/doc/www/content/com/Lists/WebsiteText/Attachments/15/divertor_4.jpg Figure: The perpendicular marks and the dome of the ITER divertor ( 16 ) For the armour tiles of the divertor baffle countries[ 32 ], sintered wolfram ( W ) in the cold worked and stress relieved conditions will be a great pick. W has low eroding rate[ 33 ]as compared to Be and C, low tritium keeping ( 32 ) , and longer life-time ( 16 ) . However, the disadvantages of utilizing wolframs are such that it will do a big radiative power loss and might run if it is subjected to abnormal high extremum burden. Therefore, for countries that exposed to high thermic flux[ 34 ], W is non suited. Therefore, for such countries, carbon-fibre-reinforced C complex ( CFC ) will be used due to its high thermic conduction to have the higher heat fluxes. However, the usage of CFC must be minimised and restricted to the country mentioned above merely because it will gnaw chemically and retain tritium. Besides that, there are some belongingss alterations of CFC under neutron irradiation that must be noted. At low irradiation temperature[ 35 ], the thermic conduction of CFC might be 3-5 times lower than the unirradiated CFC. The lessening in the thermic conduction might take to a rise in thermic eroding ( 30 ) . However, the addition in eroding is still allowable within the life-time of the constituent. Detailss of fall ining engineerings for CFC are discussed at ( 38 ) . In short, the stuff choice for divertor baffles and dome would be W and CFC at the work stoppage points chiefly the perpendicular marks ( 36 ) . As there are advantages and disadvantages of utilizing CFC and W, another suggestion for the divertor stuff is using a coating of W on CFC. This might show a good solution and cut down cost but it is subjected to research. However, there is an issue with this solution. The thermic enlargement of CFC might post the job to the divertor itself. This can farther be overcome by lodging a thin bed[ 36 ]of Molybdenum ( Mo ) as intermediate. This had been tested by heating up to 2000 A °C without the failure of the constituents ( 36 ) . Full makings of wolfram coating is reported in ( 40 ) . For the overall cassette organic structure of the divertor, SS 316 L ( N ) -IG is selected as stuff for fabricating through cast/HIP or pulverization HIP method. The elaborate survey of the plasma confronting stuff[ 37 ]and its experimental consequences together with the belongingss of articulation can be found at ( 41 )NosologiesIn existent merger reactor, the nosologies system might non be that extended as compared to the experimental reactor like ITER, but the being of nosologies system and diagnostic device inside the vacuity vas is ineluctable in order to analyze the plasma parametric quantities and the wall parametric quantities. Like all other in-vessels constituents, nosologies system will be subjected to high neutron flux and high radiation ( 32 ) . The stuffs used for nosologies system today ‘s experiment experience really small radiation, hence new stuffs must be proposed to be used in the risky environment like ITER. To give an thought of how rough is the environment that the nosologies system will see, Table 3 is shown in Appendix for farther mention. In choosing the stuff for the nosologies system, the cardinal choice standards would be radiation opposition. ITER would utilize fibre ocular transmittal near the plasma. During merger, a few meters of overseas telegram will be subjected to important radiation flux, hence, radiation opposition for optical wavelengths would be a consideration. In the IR and the seeable part of electromagnetic moving ridges[ 38 ], stuffs such as silicon oxides fibre with optimized fluorine-doped nucleus will supply dependable fiber-optic transmittal in the high-radiation vacuity vass ( 42 ) . However, it is non advisable to utilize optical fiber inside the vacuity vass because embrittlement may happen at high degree of irradiation and in the vacuity vass and the fiber in the vacuity vas will hold to work outside its preferable part of electromagnetic moving ridges as mentioned above. In order to go through the fiber into the vacuity vass, a more optimal stuff must be searched for. In order to go throug h the wire into the vacuity vas into the ITER device, a multi nucleus ( 57 fibers ) device that can be remotely handled is being developed. For insulating ceramics[ 39 ]of wire, the wire and the magnetic spiral, it is non a large job as there is assuring campaigners exist. Single crystal and polycrystal aluminum oxide ( Al2O3 ) can be considered as the insulating ceramics with careful pick of operating temperature scope ( 32 ) . In fact, Al2O3 will be used throughout for the electrical dielectric of the constituents around the ITER. It is non expected that the stuff will see important debasement of its strength over its life-time in the reactor. However, it is of import to observe the effects of irradiation on the electrical belongingss of the electrical constituents and the dielectric stuff. Two of the of import physical consequence would be radiation-induced conduction ( RIC ) and radiation induced electrical debasement ( RIED ) ( 26 ) . The RIC consequence for the campaigner stuffs had been shown in Table 6 in Appendix. However, overall, there is no serious debasement of the belongingss that might impact the public pr esentation and the safety of the stuffs provided the careful choice of stuffs. For RIED, nevertheless, it is still non being understood yet, hence more R & A ; D must be done ( 43 ) . Mineral insulating ( MI ) overseas telegrams[ 40 ]are extremely immune to radiation every bit good and are widely used in atomic reactor ( 44 ) . Therefore MI overseas telegrams will be a suited campaigner for the magnetic spiral and overseas telegrams. The Windowss used in the nosologies system is besides subjected to radiation. The belongingss that are of concern when choosing the diagnostic window is radiation induced soaking up ( 26 ) . Sapphire can be considered as better stuffs for the Windowss when subjected to shorter wavelength as compared to fused silicon oxide due to its tolerance to gamma radiation[ 41 ]. However, diamond will be as the best stuff for nosologies Windowss as it can digest radiation from GHz part to IR part ( 32 ) . For plasma-facing optical component ( mirrors and reflectors ) , the mirrors will frequently confront with the job of deposition of scoured stuffs from other in-vessel constituents and subjected to intense radiation. Careful pick of mirror stuff must be made. For majority metal mirrors, the radiation and neutron might non present a serious menace although excess attention still hold to be taken to cover with the atomic warming ( 26 ) . The pick of stuff for majority metal mirrors can be Cu, W, Mo, SS or Al. For dielectric coated mirror, neutron irradiation can take to flaking and vesiculation and will damage the mirror. The similar job will happen with the multi-layer mirrors. Therefore, choice must be careful. Suggested stuffs for dielectric coated mirror are HfO2/SiO2 and TiO2/SiO2 ( 32 ) . For inorganic X-ray crystal, it will be unaffected by the neutron irradiation. Suggested stuff is graphite ( 43 ) . Bolometer is a device mensurating the power of electromagnetic radiation and therefore will be installed in ITER every bit good. Bolometer of stuff made of isinglass as the substrate and gold as meander used for JET is possible to be reintroduced in ITER as the testing of the bolometer is the JET reactor is non a job. However, the gold meander thought to hold been broken due to the transubstantiation and substrate puffiness ( 43 ) . Therefore, for ITER, alternate meander such as Pt will be considered. But the design for ITER at the minute still keep Mica as substrate and Gold as meander ( 32 ) , though more R & A ; D had been planned look intoing the possible substrate stuffs such as Al2O3, aluminum nitride ( AIN ) , CVD diamond, KU1 fused silicon oxide and Si3N4.MagnetsThe magnets, without uncertainties, are the most of import and critical component in a magnetic parturiency atomic merger power works. The spirals must be designed to accomplish superior public presentation in footing s of the current denseness and field at minimal cost without compromising the quality of the magnets ( 45 ) . Therefore, the choice of stuffs for the magnet remains a really important portion in a reactor like ITER. The pick of the magnets will be depend on the field, temperature and current. Among the suited stuffs that can be used to construct the superconductor magnets here are Nb3Sn and NiTi. Nb3Sn has a higher critical temperature and field than its opposition. However, NiTi is more malleable and the twist techniques are more conventional ( 32 ) . For cardinal solenoid and toroidal field spiral, the selected stuff is Nb3Sn because it allows these spirals to run at 12 T while being cooled by the supercritical He. Harmonizing to ( 45 ) , Nb3Sn is the lone stuff that is capable of supplying 12 T which is far more beyond that other commercially available superconductor but it will hold to undergo complex fabrication procedure which will be explained in the undermentioned reappraisal. For ITER, it is of import besides to guarantee that there is minimal hysteresis loss with high current denseness. NbTi will be selected for poloidal field spiral ( 46 ) . The construction of the toroidal field and the cardinal solenoid will be a lesion in a form of battercake and utilize the engineering ‘wind, react and transportation ‘ while for the construction of poloidal field spiral, the construction will be like dual battercakes ( 12 ) . Figure: Typical Agreement of Conductors Strand and Filaments ( 32 ) The music director jacket plays an of import structural function for the magnets. For poloidal field spiral, the fiction of the jacket will be an bulge subdivision which is assembled by butt welding. As a consequences, the tensile emphasis will rule here and 316L ( N ) austenitic steel is selected as the stuff for polodial field spiral music director jacket ( 12 ) . On the other manus, cardinal solenoid is extremely stressed and it will necessitate to rhythm twice per pulsation from 0 to 13T magnetic field. Therefore, the stuff for cardinal solenoid music director jacket demands to hold high output strength and high weariness opposition and have to be co-reacted through Nb3Sn heat intervention[ 42 ]. Titanium will be preferred stuff for cardinal solenoid music director jacket because it is preferred for a co-reacted jacket holding a thermic contraction coefficient that is near to that of Nb3Sn strands as the strand superconducting belongingss will be decreased by strain ( 32 ) . Besides Ti, Incoloy 908 will undergo precipitation indurating during co-reaction holding a high weariness opposition and is besides a suited stuff for the jacket music director. However, it is excess sensitive to emphasize accelerated grain boundary oxidization[ 43 ]( SAGBO ) which will ensue in O demands during the heat intervention procedure ( 32 ) and hence the heat i ntervention furnace must be controlled to keep low concentrations of O ( 47 ) . It is besides indispensable that the music director will be insulated with glass-kapton when being heat treated to guarantee good insularity ( 45 ) . Therefore, finally, Incoloy 908 will be used to envelop the overseas telegram although it is new and need to be co-reacted with Nb3Sn under carefully specified conditions ( 48 ) . Figure 7 in Appendix can be referred to see the overall cardinal solenoid clearly. The item fabrication procedure and weaving engineering is further discussed at ( 48 ) . For toroidal field spiral, the music director jacket can be built from modified 316LN[ 44 ]steel tubing which has a higher thermic contraction during co-reaction and acceptable break stamina. As such the big mechanical burdens on the toroidal filed spiral can be overcome by edifice of the thick steel spiral instances around the superconductors weaving battalion. These instances will see high emphasis locally with a cyclic constituent due to its interaction with poroidal field spiral ( 32 ) . The insularity of toroidal field spiral will utilize the same stuff as cardinal solenoid which is glass-kapton tape. The item fabrication procedure and weaving procedure of toroidal field spiral can be explored at ( 49 ) . Furthermore, to forestall fast fatigue cleft growing in steel due to the temperature of 4 K coolant of liquid He go throughing through it[ 45 ], a to the full established steel of category 316 must be used. Just to accomplish this intent, a particular category of strengthened austenitic steel have been defined. They are given name as EK1, EC1, JJ1, and JK2 during the R & A ; D of ITER. These steel are formed by increasing its N content which will increase the strength of the stuff and increasing its manganese content to increase nitrogen solubility in order to keep a good welding. EK1 and JJ1 will be used to beef up the interior leg basic elements[ 46 ]of toroidal field spiral instance and articulations around the spiral and intercoil construction. JK2 will be used to reenforce the Ti cardinal solenoid music director jacket. EC1 is used to beef up outer leg basic elements[ 47 ]of toroidal field spiral. ( 32 )External Heatinghypertext transfer protocol: //www.iter.org/img/sq-640-85/ww w/content/com/Lists/WebsiteText/Attachments/17/heating_4.jpg Figure: Proposed External Heating of ITER ( 17 ) The heating beginning of the merger power reactor must non be neglected every bit good in footings of stuff choice. This is because the external warming will be responsible to supply more than 10 % of the 50 MW input power of the merger power works. It is besides responsible to heat the temperature of the plasma up to the desired 150 million Kelvin. As mentioned in Section 2.1, there will be 2 beginnings of electromagnetic moving ridges that are responsible to heat up the plasma. Therefore, it is required to construct 2 radio-frequency aerial. The aerial will hold to prolong long continuance of plasma operation utilizing the high powers with the aid of Lower Hybrid Passive Active Multi-juntion ( PAM ) microwave launcher[ 48 ]. For ITER, there is already a pre-installed aerial. Therefore, another aerial had to be built from the abrasion and this might move as the mention for building of future merger power works ( 36 ) . The chief stuff challenge here is to manufacture a multi-waveguide construction for the moving ridge transmittal from the electromagnetic moving ridge generator to the vacuity vas. In ITER, the construction will necessitate the machining of Cu to the chromium steel steel by brazing. The fabrication of such devices face with a figure of proficient troubles which the chief troubles being the detonation bonding between the Cu and chromium steel steel for dual and ternary beds of stuff would deformed by the residuary internal emphasis after heat intervention and machining. Therefore, a particular brazing tool is required. A Gallic company, CEA, had proposed a engineering whereby the brazing tool allows commanding of the constituent contact force per unit area at high temperature under vacuity. ( 36 ) However, there is another type of electromagnetic moving ridge warming in ITER. It functions like a microwave with the lone difference being the microwave operates at megawatt power. It is called Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating ( ECRH ) and it will heats the negatron utilizing an electromagnetic moving ridge of 170 GHz, the resonating frequence of the negatrons and the negatrons will so reassign its energy to the plasma ( 17 ) . Among the designs, there is a design that requires a â€Å" square corrugated wave guide † . If such wave guides is needed, rapid chilling will be required every bit good as the power transmitted by the moving ridge is high[ 49 ]. Such device does non presently exist and therefore will post a stuff challenge of holding a wave guide that is corrugated with high tolerance and welded under vacuity tight status ( 36 ) . However, there is presently a paradigm of wave guide being tested at such high power and the consequence is really satisfactory. The company involved here is the Heeze Mechanics. Due to a design alteration of ITER, a wave guide as mentioned above might non be required for the minute ( 36 ) . Therefore, the suited stuff for such wave guide is non investigated here.Remote HandlingRemote handling is highly of import in ITER as explained in Section 2.1 and all the stuffs involved in the vass will non be replaced manually on-site but will be repaired remotely. It is expected that the divertor will undergo serious eroding and is expected to be replaced 3 times during the life-time of ITER ( 36 ) . Therefore, DTP2 installation will be built in ITER to transport out all distant managing occupations. This will move as an in-vessel conveyance system to take and reinstall any harm faculties. The inside informations of how distant handling will assist to mend the vass are discussed in great inside informations at ( 50 ) and ( 51 ) . The stuff used is non specified here but it involved the usage of automaton and progress electronics that is available at current engineering.Cooling SystemThe chilling system in a merger reactor must be really advance as it is required to chill and pull out a theoretical power of 500 MW. However, the chilling system here will non present a job to a merger reactor like ITER. This is due to the fact that the current engineering can manage a atomic fission power works that let go ofing 1000 MW of end product power. The choice of stuff for the coolant of the merger power reactor can be every bit simple as H2O. Although there is other proposed design whereby the coolant selected will be liquid Li and it will acts as both the tritium breeder and coolant in a merger power works ( 25 ) , nevertheless, ITER will be utilizing the H2O as its chief coolant to pull out the heat energy. The status of the H2O used here are of 3.8 – 4 MPa with inlet temperature of 140 A °C and outlet temperature of 190 A °C with speed of about 5 m/s ( 31 ) . The H2O chilling system will be arranged to go around the cover faculty, the heat sinks, the divertor, the divertor cassette, the genteelness cover and the vacuity vas. The piping of the chilling system will be unstained steel[ 50 ]. However, it is of import that note that the B content in the steel will bring forth He as waste at topographic points where the steel is stopping points to the H2O chilling channels. Therefore, the B content in steel used for in-vessels chilling pipe must be reduced to 0.0010 % , so that the He coevals can be minimised. For all the magnetic spirals, it is indispensable that they are cooled by ace critical He of approximative 4 K.DiscussionDecisionMentions

Nolan Ryan essays

Nolan Ryan essays Lynn Nolan Ryan Jr., more commonly known as Nolan Ryan, developed the position of pitcher in baseball more than anyone else in the history of Americas favorite past time. With his flaming fastballs and his deadly curve ball, he was able to mesmerize batters like no other. Nolan also defied the age barrier by playing 27 years in the MLB. Beyond his amazing baseball skill, he was an incredible role model to anyone that met him. He handled himself with a poised and friendly manner that made the fans believe that there was still good athletes that cared about the fans. Lynn Nolan Ryan, Jr. was born January 31, 1947, in Refugio, Texas. He was the youngest of six children. He grew up playing Little League baseball, his father coaching, and later played in high school. It was there when a New York Mets scout saw him and signed him to play Minor league baseball in Virginia. It was not until he was brought up to the Mets pro team that he finally married his high school sweetheart, Ruth. He has three children, Reid, Reese, and Wendy. Unlike many other celebrities, his entire family is devout Christians. He continues to do a lot of charity work, realizing how lucky he is to have such a great ability of pitching. He lives in Austin, Texas, presently, with Ruth and his daughter Wendy. Baseball has been Americas game for generations. But until Nolan came around, no pitcher had ever been watched so closely as he was. He defied the age barrier, playing in the majors for 27 years, and his awesome ability to regularly throw 90 miles per hour the entire game defied the speed limitations of pitchers. He also had the accuracy of a sniper, able to pitch anything he wanted, a fastball, curve, changeup, anything, and get the batter to swing a it. Through the duration of his career, he struck out 5,714 batters, had seven no-hitters, and holds 15 other MLB records, such as the oldest man to pitch a no-hitter, single-season stri ...

Free Essays on Creation Myth

Creation Myth In the beginning†¦ There was only water and bare, empty land. In the center of this nothingness was a great mountain. This mountain stood tall and proud and it reached all the way into the heavens. At the very top of this mountain lived a pair of every kind of animal. In the center of this heaven grew a tree. This tree was not just any tree, it was the sacred tree of life, and it was not to be harmed in any way. Among the diverse group of animals was a pair of giraffes. The female giraffe had grown tired of eating the same old leaves and fruits. Being strong-willed and stubborn she decided that she just had to try a fruit from the sacred tree. She convinced her husband to accompany her and to be one of the first ones to taste this great, unknown fruit. Reluctantly her vacillating husband agrees. He tells himself that the consequences couldn’t be that bad, after all its only a tree. The pair reach the tree and begin to devour the delicious fruits. As they ate, they were ob livious to the great winds that had begun to blow. The winds continued to pick up speed and then with one strong gust every pair of animals is blown right off the mountain to the bare lands below. All the Animals are bewildered as they try to figure out what caused this. Finally the giraffes step forward admit to their part in the dilemma and take they blame. The animals are furious, but being sensible put aside their anger and decide to deal with the situation on hand. All the animals agree that they need a leader. The most skillful builders gather together and from the dirt and clay they build a figure with double of everything†¦4 eyes, 2 noses, 2 mouths, 4 legs. Hoping that the Great One will grant them this one request they go to sleep that night. When they Awake in the morning they find that they clay figure has come to life. That day this human proves to be very helpful and creates a wonderful paradise out of the barren land. That night there i... Free Essays on Creation Myth Free Essays on Creation Myth Creation Myth In the beginning†¦ There was only water and bare, empty land. In the center of this nothingness was a great mountain. This mountain stood tall and proud and it reached all the way into the heavens. At the very top of this mountain lived a pair of every kind of animal. In the center of this heaven grew a tree. This tree was not just any tree, it was the sacred tree of life, and it was not to be harmed in any way. Among the diverse group of animals was a pair of giraffes. The female giraffe had grown tired of eating the same old leaves and fruits. Being strong-willed and stubborn she decided that she just had to try a fruit from the sacred tree. She convinced her husband to accompany her and to be one of the first ones to taste this great, unknown fruit. Reluctantly her vacillating husband agrees. He tells himself that the consequences couldn’t be that bad, after all its only a tree. The pair reach the tree and begin to devour the delicious fruits. As they ate, they were ob livious to the great winds that had begun to blow. The winds continued to pick up speed and then with one strong gust every pair of animals is blown right off the mountain to the bare lands below. All the Animals are bewildered as they try to figure out what caused this. Finally the giraffes step forward admit to their part in the dilemma and take they blame. The animals are furious, but being sensible put aside their anger and decide to deal with the situation on hand. All the animals agree that they need a leader. The most skillful builders gather together and from the dirt and clay they build a figure with double of everything†¦4 eyes, 2 noses, 2 mouths, 4 legs. Hoping that the Great One will grant them this one request they go to sleep that night. When they Awake in the morning they find that they clay figure has come to life. That day this human proves to be very helpful and creates a wonderful paradise out of the barren land. That night there i...

Molar Entropy Change of a Reaction - Example Problem

Molar Entropy Change of a Reaction Problem This example problem demonstrates how to find the entropy of reaction from standard molar entropy data on the reactants and products. Entropy is calculated as a change in the level of entropy before and after a chemical reaction. Essentially, it reflects whether the amount of disorder or randomness in the system increased or decreased as a consequence of the reaction. Standard Molar Entropy Change Problem What is the standard molar entropy change of the following reaction? 4 NH3(g) 5 O2(g) → 4 NO(g) 6 H2O(g)Given:SÂ °NH3 193 J/KÂ ·molSÂ °O2 205 J/KÂ ·molSÂ °NO 211 J/KÂ ·molSÂ °H2O 189 J/KÂ ·mol (Note, in this type of problem youll either be given the molar entropy values of the reactants and products or youll need to look them up in a table.)SolutionThe change in the standard molar entropy of a reaction can be found by the difference between the sum of the molar entropies of the products and the sum of the molar entropies of the reactants.ΔSÂ °reaction ÃŽ £npSÂ °products - ÃŽ £nrSÂ °reactantsΔSÂ °reaction (4 SÂ °NO 6 SÂ °H2O) - (4 SÂ °NH3 5 SÂ °O2)ΔSÂ °reaction (4(211 J/KÂ ·K) 6(189 J/KÂ ·mol)) - (4(193 J/KÂ ·mol) 5(205 J/KÂ ·mol))ΔSÂ °reaction (844 J/KÂ ·K 1134 J/KÂ ·mol) - (772 J/KÂ ·mol 1025 J/KÂ ·mol)ΔSÂ °reaction 1978 J/KÂ ·mol - 1797 J/KÂ ·mol)ΔSÂ °reaction 181 J/KÂ ·molWe can check our work using the techniques introduced in this example problem. The reaction involves all gasses and the number of moles of products is greater than the number of moles of reactants so the expected change in entropy should be pos itive. Answer The standard molar entropy change of the reaction is 181 J/KÂ ·mol.

Whale Printing Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Whale Printing Company - Case Study Example The case is about a printing company that has been offered a job to print 10,000 copies of a marketing brochure within five days. The printing company has been offered a price of $700 for the job and this report analyzes the cost of the job and its benefits to the company and then suggests what decision should be taken by the President of the company, Victory Hussey. In addition to this, the report also analyzes non-accounting factors that could influence the decision of Victory Hussey while accepting or rejecting the job. Victor Hussey is the president of a printing company known as Whale Printing Company and he has been offered a job by the president of Salter Associates, Katherine Salter. The job is to print 10,000 copies of a promotional brochure but the deadline of the project is tight and it has to be completed by Friday noon. Price agreed by the Katherine Salter previously is $700 for the printing work and Hussey has to either accept the job or reject it. The following table explains the cost of this project which includes; direct labor, direct material, overheads as well as the selling and administrative expense for Whale Printing Company. As the total cost of the project is $810 whereas the revenue of the project earned would be $700, therefore by accepting the project, Whale Printing Company would have to incur a loss of $110. Therefore the job offered by the president of Salter Associates, Katherine Salter should not be accepted. Variable costs are the costs that would change with changes in the output of the company and as company produces more or increases the output, variable cost of the company would increase. Whereas, fixed costs do not vary with the changes in output of the company and as output increases, fixed cost of the company remains fixed (Khan, 1993). If the job is not completed on time, then it would hurt the image of the company and customers might not trust the wordings of Mr. Hussey in future. It is important to built long term customers for every company instead of looking for short term profits and as the deadline of the project is tight and if it is accepted and deadline is not met, then it would be a long term loss for Whale Printing Company. Plus the project itself is not acceptable in terms of profitability; therefore there is no reason why Mr. Hussey should accept the job.

Eczema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Eczema - Essay Example It is worthwhile to give eczema attention because it can affect very young children who can carry the condition until adulthood. Moreover, anyone with chronic and acute eczema could suffer from frequent loss of sleep, loss of self-esteem (especially in children) due to unsightly sores and skin patches, and other stressful effects like loss of employment, difficulty in patient care and high medical costs. There are several causes of eczema, all resulting in the common symptoms of itchiness and rashes. Eczema can be caused by hypersensitivity or allergy to common compounds in the environment (atopic eczema), contact with irritants (irritant contact dermatitis), and contact with allergens (allergic contact dermatitis) (Brown and Reynolds). Understanding the causes of eczema can provide means to relieve symptoms and treat the condition. The most common form of eczema, atopic eczema is a genetic predisposition to become highly sensitized in response to allergens that are common in the environment. In the process, IgE antibodies are produced. Those with atopic eczema are highly sensitive to materials and elements that normally have no effect on most people. The condition afflicts mostly young children who have an increased chance of developing allergic asthma, hay fever and rhinitis later in life. In atopic eczema, itching is the most common manifestation accompanied by scaling and redness in patches of skin, the face included. Some people are mildly affected with only a few areas on their skin that are dry and scaly. Blisters and skin thickening become common in chronic cases (Brown and Reynolds). The prevalence of atopic eczema varies widely worldwide. However, increased prevalence has not been attributed to genetic factors, but more on environmental effects (Brown and Reynolds). Atopic eczema is more common in urban and industrial settings, and in families with higher

Picassos Three Dancers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Picassos Three Dancers - Research Paper Example The paper "Picasso’s Three Dancers" gives an interpretation of painting "Three Dancers" by Pablo Picasso. There was a concept he referred to as the sublime – an idea that remained just out of reach of definition and therefore could only be suggested, never represented. This element has also been referred to as the meaning of an image which these artists were trying to suggest was as much the result of the audience’s understanding of it as it was the result of the artist’s conception or his ability to transfer this into visual images. These ideas can be discovered in Picasso’s painting â€Å"The Three Dancers†. The title of the painting gives the first clue as to what the artist had in mind when creating this image - one expects to see three people clearly engaged in some form of fluid synchronized movement. Instead, one is confronted with hard lines, jagged angles and bold colors but no realistic forms, no easily understood movements. The Tat e Museum tells us, â€Å"The jagged forms of Three Dancers convey an explosion of energy. The image is laden with Picasso's personal recollections of a triangular affair, which resulted in the heart-broken suicide of his friend Carlos Casagemas. Love, sex and death are linked in an ecstatic dance. The left-hand dancer in particular seems possessed by uncontrolled, Dionysian frenzy. Her face relates to a mask from Torres Strait, New Guinea, owned by the artist, and points to Picasso's association of 'primitive' forms with expressiveness and sexuality† (2004).

FARs and Aircraft Dispatch Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

FARs and Aircraft Dispatch - Research Paper Example Though they are known by many different names, including flight dispatcher, airline dispatcher, flight superintendent, or even flight controller, the job description essentially remains the same: ensure compliance with all applicable regulations and the pursuit of the highest possible levels of safety (â€Å"Airline dispatcher federation†, 2011). The job of an aircraft dispatcher is covered in the Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs) in several areas, namely FAR Part 121 and FAR Part 65, both under Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) (â€Å"Code of federal†, 2010). FAR Part 121 covers Operating Requirements: Domestic, Flag, and Supplemental Operations, while FAR Part 65 covers Certification and Eligibility Requirements (â€Å"Code of federal†, 2010). Simply put, these sections of the Federal Aviation Regulations ensure that an airline dispatcher has the proper training and certification to do their job, as well as adhering to duty-time requirements w hile on the job, to prevent overtiredness and accidents. These regulations also cover the overall requirement of having enough dispatchers in the dispatch centers to handle all of the flights, so that no one dispatcher feels overwhelmed and unable to do their job. FAR Part 65, Subpart C, completely covers the eligibility and certificate requirements that any person wishing to become an aircraft dispatcher must complete. The requirements include criteria such as an age requirement of 23 years, the ability to speak and understand English, and passing both knowledge and practical tests. These tests must be completed after a certification course that consists of 200 hours of training, though previous experience may be submitted to cover part or all of the hours (â€Å"Code of federal†, 1998). It also plainly states that no person may serve in the capacity of airline dispatcher without said completion certificate, and must present that certificate upon the request of numerous pers onnel (â€Å"Code of federal†, 1998). These regulations enable the airlines to work in conjunction with certified, capable individuals, helping the aircraft dispatcher to do their job by ensuring that they have the proper training and certification to complete it adequately. The safety of numerous passengers flying on the airlines that are the responsibility of the dispatcher are not to be taken lightly, and indeed, the dispatchers pledge to uphold safety as much as the pilots. Therefore, having these training and eligibility requirements help to ensure that the job and what it entails is taken seriously. FAR Part 121, Subpart M: Airmen and Crewmember Requirements, also applies to aircraft dispatchers. FAR  §121.395, in fact, covers dispatch centers, stating that enough qualified dispatchers must be working to ensure proper operational control of aircraft (â€Å"Code of federal†, 2010). Without this regulation, a flight load could easily slip into the chaos of an und erstaffed and overworked dispatch center, causing costly losses of life and aircraft. Given the fact that downsizing has become popular, it is a relief to know that dispatchers are aided by this regulation, as enough of them must be working to reasonably handle a typical daily flight load for an airline. FAR Part 121 does not stop there in covering airline dispatchers. In Subpart P: Aircraft Dispatcher Qualifications and Duty Time,

Medicare and Insurance Coverage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Medicare and Insurance Coverage - Essay Example The Medicaid, on the contrary, is a program designed to assist people with a few resources to access health care services. For a State to access the Medicaid services from the Federal State, it has to meet some set standards. Thus, by studying a case, it becomes necessary to answer some questions that aid in understanding the functionality of these programs. The case study provided presents Mrs. Zwick, a 77-aged woman, a permanent resident of the United States, hospitalized due to a mild stroke. The study has indicated that, she underwent an admission for five days and later transferred to a different facility for rehabilitation services. After a considerable time, the doctor diagnoses her with a hospital obtained â€Å"Urinary Tract Infection† (UTI) (Kaplan, 2004). As a result, the doctor prescribes some medications for her. The case has further highlighted the fact that Mrs. Zwick has the Medicare part A, B and D coverage. Mrs. Zwick’s daughter lacks sufficient knowle dge concerning how the coverage indicated above can assist her mother in settling the hospital bills (Kaplan, 2004). Therefore, the administration has demanded that I discuss with the daughter on costs covered fully or partially by the three parts of the Medicare program entitled to h er. The part A of the Medicare also identified by the name Hospice Insurance (HI) will cater for the following bills (Kaplan, 2004). For instance, it will settle all costs incurred due to her stay in the facility. These entails the meals, tests performed on her for diagnosing reasons, as well as for her stay in the skilled nursing home, where she underwent the rehabilitation. In addition to the above, the Medicare part A will settle bills needed for the walker. Moreover, the Medicare part B will also play a monumental part in helping cover the different costs entitled to her. This part, for instance, will cover all-home care services entitled to Mrs. Zwick after her discharge. Finally, the Medicare par t D will also be necessary, as it will cater for costs incurred in accessing her medication. In addition, the later part will partially repay the bills arising from the medication of the hospital acquired UTI. The current medical policies enacted discourage the reimbursement for hospital-acquired infections. In 2006, George Bush who was the United States president enacted an act aimed at plummeting the amount of finances dedicated to treating disorders resulting from medical errors. This was due to a rise in the occurrence of such errors thus costing the federal government enormous funds. As a result, payers of such services decided to monitor the expenditure of such finances. According to the board in charge of budget in the US, the decision would help the local government save $29 billion (Kaplan, 2004). The current policy formulated would adversely affect Mrs. Zwick. Therefore, she will have to spend her own finances for the treatment of her UTI. The infection she has acquired is amongst the ten conditions that Medicare does not compensate. Therefore, catering for the treatment of such an infection might result to the risk of deprived health or death. Mrs. Zwick may not pay all finances needed for her treatment thus a decline in her health. The â€Å"Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act†

FARs and Aircraft Dispatch Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

FARs and Aircraft Dispatch - Research Paper Example Though they are known by many different names, including flight dispatcher, airline dispatcher, flight superintendent, or even flight controller, the job description essentially remains the same: ensure compliance with all applicable regulations and the pursuit of the highest possible levels of safety (â€Å"Airline dispatcher federation†, 2011). The job of an aircraft dispatcher is covered in the Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs) in several areas, namely FAR Part 121 and FAR Part 65, both under Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) (â€Å"Code of federal†, 2010). FAR Part 121 covers Operating Requirements: Domestic, Flag, and Supplemental Operations, while FAR Part 65 covers Certification and Eligibility Requirements (â€Å"Code of federal†, 2010). Simply put, these sections of the Federal Aviation Regulations ensure that an airline dispatcher has the proper training and certification to do their job, as well as adhering to duty-time requirements w hile on the job, to prevent overtiredness and accidents. These regulations also cover the overall requirement of having enough dispatchers in the dispatch centers to handle all of the flights, so that no one dispatcher feels overwhelmed and unable to do their job. FAR Part 65, Subpart C, completely covers the eligibility and certificate requirements that any person wishing to become an aircraft dispatcher must complete. The requirements include criteria such as an age requirement of 23 years, the ability to speak and understand English, and passing both knowledge and practical tests. These tests must be completed after a certification course that consists of 200 hours of training, though previous experience may be submitted to cover part or all of the hours (â€Å"Code of federal†, 1998). It also plainly states that no person may serve in the capacity of airline dispatcher without said completion certificate, and must present that certificate upon the request of numerous pers onnel (â€Å"Code of federal†, 1998). These regulations enable the airlines to work in conjunction with certified, capable individuals, helping the aircraft dispatcher to do their job by ensuring that they have the proper training and certification to complete it adequately. The safety of numerous passengers flying on the airlines that are the responsibility of the dispatcher are not to be taken lightly, and indeed, the dispatchers pledge to uphold safety as much as the pilots. Therefore, having these training and eligibility requirements help to ensure that the job and what it entails is taken seriously. FAR Part 121, Subpart M: Airmen and Crewmember Requirements, also applies to aircraft dispatchers. FAR  §121.395, in fact, covers dispatch centers, stating that enough qualified dispatchers must be working to ensure proper operational control of aircraft (â€Å"Code of federal†, 2010). Without this regulation, a flight load could easily slip into the chaos of an und erstaffed and overworked dispatch center, causing costly losses of life and aircraft. Given the fact that downsizing has become popular, it is a relief to know that dispatchers are aided by this regulation, as enough of them must be working to reasonably handle a typical daily flight load for an airline. FAR Part 121 does not stop there in covering airline dispatchers. In Subpart P: Aircraft Dispatcher Qualifications and Duty Time,

In class Exam 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

In class Exam 2 - Essay Example Modern communication means have enabled wider contacts with the outside world. People are becoming more prone to getting impressed by various foreign cultures and traditions. Language is no more a hurdle any more, as people worldwide are interacting through trade, social online forums, different media sources, and many other ways (â€Å"Wise Geek† par. 2). Globalization has impressed our lives through its innovation in ideas. It has created an environment of popular culture. All those who inculcate a feeling of belonging to the global community want to be a part of the popular culture. By popular culture means change in interests is welcomes, as people in the United States get entertained with the South African music and love reading the Japanese comic literature. Some music content of America is very well received in other parts of the world, such as the American soap operas are famous in Israel. In the music segment alone, Indian film music is popular in countries wherever I ndians are residing. Indian movies are also seen widely in other countries. Sometimes, they attract more crowds in foreign lands than in their country of production. All this has happened because of reducing physical boundaries among nations; globalization has made this possible with the revolution in means of communication (National Geographic 1). Globalization is not limited one facet of life; it has become all-pervasive for those budding managers of the future who like to dress even in global corporate attire. Most professionals in various countries prefer to follow international dress code of suits in formal wear and T-shirts and jeans in casual wear (National Geographic 1). From the perspective of future manager, it would help the manager of a multinational company to entertain varied taste in music and clothing. He can well appreciate distinct music choices of staff, when working outside his/her state of origin. Wider knowledge of music will help in making acquaintances with o thers if tastes match. Even if tastes are not similar, knowledge of other peoples’ culture will bring strangers nearer. Overall, it will help a manager to jell with wider set of people at work, if outlook is broader and global. Culture is a very wide aspect that can help a future manager to build strong relationships in business. Food is yet another cultural trait. Imagine, as a manager of the US origin, you visit India and develop a taste for South Indian cuisines. Whenever, if you get a chance of posting for some years in India, you may show willingness to accept your posting there to not only relish South Indian food, but make a lot of friends there, just because you have a liking for Indian movies or film songs, or for that matter Indian cuisine. Managers need to cross the boundaries of physical world truly if they want to fit the role of global as well as glocal, which means they are adept in both local and global cultural traits. They can develop cordial relations with staff in a foreign land, which will help them in leveraging more business for the company they are working. Present a Concise, Articulate, and Supported Argument of a Pro and Con of Globalization Arguing in favor or against globalization is not free from political connotations because the very process is complicated enough to decide what are its pros and cons, as pros considered by some are observed as cons by others. The list of the pros and cons of globalization includes various benefits and disadvantages of globalization. Some of them

Censoring Student Publications Persuasive Essay Essay Example for Free

Censoring Student Publications Persuasive Essay Essay Imagine that you are a high school student and have just received the newest edition of your school’s newspaper. As you are flipping through the pages, you discover a terrible article written about you. How would you feel? Recently, there has been much debate on whether high schools should be able to regulate the content of student publications, such as newspapers and magazines. Censoring student publications would be beneficial because they may contain inappropriate things. Also, it would be favorable because the material in student publications may be offensive to its readers and the text may bepoorly written. Because of this, high school officials should have the right to control the content of student publications. First of all, student publications should be censored because they may be filled with inappropriate content. Some high school students are not mature enough to determine whether certain subjects and language are usable. Without censoring student publications, students may publish something with an inappropriate subject. Since it is used throughout today’s entertainment, they may also use vulgar language. It is not appropriate for school, so high school officials should be able to censor student publications in case it is used. As a result of inappropriate subjects and vulgar language, the content of student publications may be offensive to its readers. If a student publisher does not like a fellow student, he or she may publish an article about that student. Of course, it will be something terribly offensive. Since student newspapers are given to the entire student body, practically everyone will see it. This will lead to a higher chance of bullying. Bullying is already widespread, so it does not need to be increased by angry, careless teenagers. Lastly, most high school students are not good enough writers to publish a newspaper or magazine. Students’ articles will not always be grammatically correct and presentable. Their research will be insufficient because they do not do enough research about most topics and write mostly off the top of his or her head. The articles will also be bursting with bias. Most students are not able to write an article without including bias because they are not mature writers at his or her age. Because of this, student publications should be censored. In conclusion, high school officials across the nation should have the right to control what goes into his or her school’s newspaper or magazines. Because of immaturity and carelessness, students may publish an article about an inappropriate subject and include crude language. Content of student publications may be offensive and increase the risk of bullying. Also, the newspapers and magazines may be poorly written due to the lack of writing maturity. It is essential to students’ wellbeing that a law be passed that allows high schools to control their student publications for every school in the United States not just Hazelwood School.

Nations Destroyed by Allah

Nations Destroyed by Allah Comparing past and present PREFACE: Allah has mentioned the stories of perished nations in Holy Quran And at some places He has mentioned to learn lesson from them and try to gain knowlege about their sins. Muslims now a days hardly recite Quran daily. My research will help them know about the deeds pf perished natinos and to stay away from those deeds. I didnt find any article or book comparing the perished nations and todays nation. All of the books which i have read only have discussed the stories of demolished nations. This topic is very important for the people now a days, specialy Muslims. All the people should get aware of Allah power. They should know what will be their end if they get themselves involve in the same actions by which previous nations have faced a fierced end. Not only by the sins they did, but we should abide by all the actions Allah and His prophet (s.a.w) mentioned not to do. By this topic Muslims will know that if they will not stop doing the bad activities and will be involved in these deeds, then they will be punished harshly. Past nations were involved in many wronge activities which were prohibited by Allah. Some of the nations were Nuhs (as) nation (was involved in worshiping false gods), Luts (as) nation (was involved in sodomy), people of Ad (were arrogant and boastful), Thamud (rejected warnings of Allah), Pharaoh (was involved in shirk and was a cruel ruler), people pf Madyan (were dishonest in doing business). Todays nation is also involved in same avtivities where as Allah has clearly mentioned the stories of previous nations and told to learn a lesson from them. Today people are involved in such activities like, seeking help from the dead people, having a wronge concept that visiting a shrine of good people and seek help from them, involve in adultery (even with homosexual), involve in doing shirk. INTRODUCTION: Allah has always sent His prophets in every age since the creation of this world to give humans the knowledge about Allah (their creator). Some people followed those instructions told by prophets and majority of them didnt followed. Some of them even not only denied to follow the right path but they also harmed prophets and the people who followed them. The messengers were generally accused slanderously of falsehood, magic, insanity and conceit and leaders of many peoples even sought to have them murdered. Allah gave those nations many chances to belief in truth, but they never did.And then allah perished them.The Muslims are, therefore, given a constant reminder not to follow the path of these nations.because no one can hide from Allah when His chastisement occurs. Allah reveals in Holy Quran: But how many generations before them did We destroy (for their sins) stronger in power than they? Then did they wander through the land: was there any place of escape (for them)? (Surah Qaf: 36) It is noteworthy that these characteristics belong as well as to the current civilisation, which has established an elaborate world-culture through todays technology and science, and has founded centralised states, huge cities, yet denies Allah, forgetting that all is made possible by His power. Most of the people are involved in the false activities and at some sort denies Allah. PAST: Nation of prophet Nuh (a.s): Prophet Nuh (a.s) was sent to teach people the lesson of tauheed and to tell them to worship only Allah. Prophet Nuh (a.s) preached Islam over 950 years of time period but only few follwed his message. Nuhs people were engaged in worshiping false god in the form of statues. Then Allah sent his prophet to bring them to the right path. Allah says: Indeed, We sent Nuh (Noah) to his people and he said: O my people! Worship Allah! You have no other God but Him. Certainly, I fear for you the torment of a Great Day! [Al-Araf 7: 59] For many generations Nuhs people had been worshipping statues that they called gods. They believed that these gods would bring them good, protect them from evil and provide all their needs. They gave their idols names such as Waddan, Suwaan, Yaghutha, Yaauga, and Nasran, (These idols represented, respectively, manly power; mutability, beauty; brute strength, swiftness, sharp sight, insight) according to the power they thought these gods possessed. Originally these were the names of good people who had lived among them. After their deaths, statues of them were erected to keep their memories alive. After sometime, however, people began to worship these statues. Later generations did not even know why they had been erected; they only knew their parents had prayed to them. That is how idol worshipping developed. Since they had no understanding of Allah the Almighty Who would punish them for their evil deeds, they became cruel and immoral. Prophet Nuh (a.s) warned them and invite them to worship only Allah, but they denied. They firstly denied prophethood of Nuh. As they said that he is also a man like us, he just want superiority on us thats why, he is doing this. Allah says: The leaders of his people said: Ah! we see thee evidently wandering (in mind). (Surat al-A‘raf: 60) The chiefs of the disbeliveers among his people said: We see you but a man like ourselves. (11:27 Quran) Prophet Nuh (a.s) warned his people about the punishment of Allah. Allah says: We sent Nuh to his People (with the Command): Do thou warn thy People before there comes to them a grievous Penalty. (Surah Nuh: 1) Nuh continued appealing to his people to believe in Allah hour after hour, day after day year after year. He admonished his people and called them to Allah day and night, in secret and openly. HE gave them examples, explained Allahs signs and illustrated Allahs ability in the formation of His creatures. But whenever he called them to Allah, they ran away from him. Whenever he urged them to ask Allah to forgive them, they put their fingers in their ears. But they didnt listened and Allah told Nuh to prepare a large boat and collect pairs of every specie and every believer to make them safe from the disaster.Prophet Nuh (a.s) was grief about his people that they will be punished. It was revealed to Nuh: None of thy people will believe except those who have believed already! So grieve no longer over their (evil) deeds. (Surah Hud: 36) The ship was constructed, and Nuh sat waiting Allahs command. Allah revealed to him that when water miraculously gushed forth from the oven at Nuhs house, that would be the sign of the start of the flood, and the sign for Nuh to act. The terrible day arrived when the oven at Nuhs house overflowed. Nuh hurried to open the ark and summon the believers. He also took with him a pair, male and female, of every type of animal, bird and insect. Seeing him taking these creatures to the ark, the people laughed loudly: Nuh must have gone out of his head! What is he going to do with the animals? Slowly the level of water increased and every non-believer died in the flood. Nuhs wife and his son who were non-believers didnt join him and were faced to death. Not a single non-believer was left alive. Then the order to stop the rain and to retreat the water was given and once again dry land was shown but flood had cleaned the non-believers from the land. Nation of prophet Lut (a.s): Prophet Lut (as) was sent as a messenger to one of prophet Ibrahims (as) neighbouring communities. These people, as the Quran tells us, practiced a perversion unknown to the world up till then, namely sodomy. When Lut (as) told them to give up this perversion and brought them Allahs warning, they denied him, refused his prophethood, and carried on with their perversion. In the end, these people were destroyed by a dreadful disaster. This city was filled with evil. Its residents waylaid, robbed and killed travelers. Another common evil among them was that men had sex with men instead of with women. This unnatural act later became known as sodomy (after the city of Sodom). It was practiced openly and unashamedly. It was at the height of these crimes and sins that Allah revealed to Prophet Lut (alai salam) that he should summon the people to give up their indecent behavior, but they were so deeply sunk in their immoral habits that they were deaf to Luts preaching. Swamped in their unnatural desires, they refused to listen, even when Lut warned them of Allahs punishment. Instead, they threatened to drive him out of the city if he kept on preaching. Allah says: And his people gave no answer but this: they said, Drive them out of your city: these are indeed men who want to be clean and pure! (Surat al-A‘raf: 80-82) Lut (as) called his people to an obvious truth and warned them explicitly, but his people did not heed any warnings whatsoever and continued to reject him and to deny the penalty of which he told them. Receiving the above answer from his people, Lut asked for the help of Allah: He said: O my Lord! help Thou me against people who do mischief! (Surat al-Ankaboot: 30) Upon Luts (as) prayer, Allah sent two angels in the form of men. These angels visited Ibrahim (as)before coming to Lut (as). Giving Ibrahim (as) the good news that his wife would give birth to an infant, the messengers explained the reason for their being sent: the insolent people of Lut (as) were to be destroyed. Angels came to Lut (a.s) as guest and stayed at his house. This news was spread in town by his wife who was non-believer and in some time the whole town was standing outside his home. They broke the door and came in. Angels said to Lut (a.s) that dont fear as we are angels and they cannot harm you. After listening that non-believers got feared and ran outside.The angels warned Prophet Lut (pbuh) to leave his house before sunrise, taking with him all his family except his wife. Allah had decreed that the city of Sodom should perish. AN earthquake rocked the town. IT was as if a mighty power had lifted the entire city and flung it down in one jolt. A storm of stones rained on the city. Everyone and everything was destroyed, including Luts wife.In the morning, his people were destroyed by the disaster of which Lut (as) had informed them in advance. Allah says: But the (mighty) Blast overtook them before morning, And We turned (the cities) upside down, and rained down on them brimstones hard as baked clay. Behold! in this are Signs for those who by tokens do understand. And the (cities were) right on the high-road. (Surat al-Hijr: 73-76) People of Ad: The people of Ad lived many years in the windswept hills of an area between Yemen and Oman. They were physically well built and renowned for their craftsmanship especially in the construction of tall buildings with lofty towers. They were outstanding among all the nations in power and wealth, which, unfortunately, made them arrogant and boastful. Their political power was held in the hand of unjust rulers, against whom no one dared to raise a voice. They were not ignorant of the existence of Allah, nor did they refuse to worship Him. What they did refuse was to worship Allah alone. They worshipped other gods, also, including idols. This is one sin Allah does not forgive. Allah wanted to guide and discipline these people so He sent a prophet from among them. This prophet was Hud (as), a noble man who handled this task with great resoluteness and tolerance. Hud (as) condemned idol worship and admonished his people. MY people, what is the benefit of these stones that you carve with your own hands and worship? In reality it is an insult to the intellect. There is only One Deity worthy of worship and that is Allah. Worship of Him and Him alone, is compulsory on you. In Quran: To the Ad People (We sent) Hud, one of their own brethren. He said: O my people! worship Allah! ye have no other god but Him. (Your other gods) ye do nothing but invent! Prophet Hud (as) told them He created you, He provides for you and He is the One Who will cause you to die. He gave you wonderful physiques and blessed you in many ways. So believe in Him and do not be blind to His favors, or the same fate that destroyed Noahs people will overtake you. Hud (as) warned them. With such reasoning Hud hoped to instill faith in them, but they refused to accept his message. His people asked him: Do you desire to be our master with your call? What payment do you want?.Hud (as) replied them that he did not want their money nor reward from them. Allah says: O my people! I ask of you no reward for this (Message). My reward is from none but Him Who created me: Will ye not then understand? Hud (as) tried to speak to them and to explain about Allahs blessings: how Allah the Almighty had made them Noahs successors, how He had given them strength and power, and how HE sent them rain to revive the soil.Huds (as) people looked about them and found they were the strongest on earth, so they become prouder and more obstinate. Thus they argued a lot with Hud (as). Hud (as) taught them everything a prophet teaches to his nation. But they used to ask silly questions. Hud (as) used to answer them gently but they never followed his message. Hud (as) warned them if they wont worship only Allah they will destroyed like Nuhs (as) nation. And they declared we will be safe by our gods. Hud (as) told them that these idols will be the reason of your destruction.There is no one who harms or benefits any one except Allah. The conflict between Hud (as) and his people continued. The years passed, and they became prouder and more obstinate, and more tyrannical and more defiant of their prophets message. Furthermore, they started to accuse Hud (as) of being a crazy lunatic. One day they told him: We now understand the secret of your madness you insulted our gods and they harmed you; that is why you have become insane. Almighty Allah repeated their words in the Quran: O my Hud! No evidence have you brought us, and we shall not leave our gods for your mere saying! And we are not believers in you. All that we say is that some of our gods (false deities) have seized you with evil (madness). (11:53-54 Quran) A drought spread throughout the land, for the sky no longer sent its rain. the sun scorched the desert sands, looking like a disk of fire which settled on peoples heads. The drought increased, the trees turned yellow, and plants died. A day came when they found the sky full of clouds. Huds (as) people were glad as they came out of their tents crying: A cloud, which will give us rain!.But the weather changed suddenly from burning dry and hot to stinging cold with wind that shook everything; trees, plants, tents, men and women. The wind increased day after day and night after night. Huds (as) people started to flee. They ran to their tents to hide but the gale became stronger, ripping their tents from their stakes. They hid under cloth covers but the gale became stronger and still and tore away the covers. It slashed clothing and skin. It penetrated the apertures of the body and destroyed it. It hardly touched anything before it was destroyed or killed, its core sucked out to decompose and rot. The storm raged for 8 days and 7 nights. Almighty Allah recounts: Then when they saw it as a dense cloud coming towards their valleys, they said: This is a cloud bringing us rain! Nay but it is that torment which you were asking to be hastened! a wind wherein is a painful torment! Destroying everything by the command of its Lord! (46:24-25 Quran) That violent gale did not stop until the entire region was reduced to ruins and its wicked people destroyed, swallowed by the sands of the desert. Only Hud (as) and his followers remained unharmed. They migrated to Hadramaut and lived there in peace, worshipping Allah, their true Lord. Thamud (samood): Prophet salih (as) was sent on people of thamud. People of thamud were also engaged in the same sins in which people of Ad were involved. Thamud rejected the warnings of Allah just as ‘Ad did and perished in consequence.Thamuds denial of the warnings coming to them is an incident which is itself a warning to people of all ages. Prophet Salih (as) was sent to Thamud to warn them. Salih (as) was a recognised person within the Thamud society. His people, who did not expect him to proclaim the religion of truth, were surprised by his calling on them to abandon their deviation. A small part of the community complied with Salihs (as) call, but most of them did not accept what he told. The leaders of the community in particular denied Salih (as) and took an antagonistic stand towards him. They tried to impede those who believed Salih (as) and tried to oppress them. They were enraged at Salih (as), because he called them to worship Allah. This rage was not specific only to Thamud; Thamud were repeating the mistake made by the people of Nuh (as) and by Ad who had lived before them. This is why the Quran refers to these three communities as follows: Has not the story reached you, (O people!), of those who (went) before you? of the people of Prophet Nuh, and Ad, and Thamud? And of those who (came) after them? None knows them but Allah. To them came messengers with Clear (Signs); but they put their hands up to their mouths, and said: We do deny (the mission) on which ye have been sent, and we are really in suspicious (disquieting) doubt as to that to which ye invite us. (Surah Ibrahim: 9) Despite the Prophet Salihs (as) warnings, the people continued in their ways on overcome by doubts. But still, there was a group who believed in the prophethood of Salih (as) and those were the ones who were saved along with Salih (as) when the great catastrophe came. The leaders of the community tried to oppress the group believing in Salih (as). Moreover, a certain group openly denied Salih (as). A group among those who rejected faith supposedly in the name of Allah made plans to kill Salih (as). Salehs people disbelieved and thought he was bewitched. Then they asked him to show them a sign from Allah that he was indeed a prophet. They pointed at a huge rock that was standing by itself, and proposed to him that he ask his God to create a she-camel out of it. They of course thought that it was a good way to dumbfound him and silence him. But Saleh, in turn, took a strong oath from them that if Allah provided them with this sign they would believe in him and follow him. He then fervently prayed to Allah to answer their request. The huge rock moved and split and from it came a wonderful she-camel, which was pregnant and soon to give birth. Allah provided the Thamud people this miracle which was also a test for them, to see if they obey His orders. In Quran: Saleh told them: O my people! This she-camel of Allah is a sign to you. Leave her to feed on Allahs earth, and inflict no harm on her, or a swift punishment will seize you! (Hud, 11:64) The she-camel and her young offspring lived among the Thamud people, she would drink from the water of the well for one day, and leave it to them the second day as Allah ordered: She has a right to drink (water), and you have a right to drink water, each on a day appointed, (Al-Shuara, 26:155). Allah ordered Prophet Saleh to tell his people of the camels rights, saying: And tell them that the water is to be shared between her and them. Each ones right to drink being established by turns, (Al-Qamar, 54:28). On the day the she-camel was to drink from the well, she would have enough milk for all the people of Thamud who would milk her and fill all their containers. She would graze in the valley and she was so huge that when she came near their sheep, they would flee and leave the way for her, and the cattle would not come near the well on the day she would drink from it. The Thamud people were very amazed and some of them believed and followed Prophet Saleh. It was clear that she was not a normal camel but was a miracle from Allah and a blessed animal. The disbelievers, however, were very much bothered by her for she was always reminding them of that oath They plotted to kill her and get rid of her, so that way they would use the well every day. There were nine men in the city who were known for their mischief and crimes, and hence they were trusted with the mission of killing the camel. After making sure that all the disbelievers were in agreement to kill the she-camel, the men went out secretly by night to the well when she came to drink water. They hit her and killed her, then ran to kill the child but he ran away and vanish in the mountain from where she-camel came. When saleh (as) heard of their horrible crime, Prophet Saleh (as) warned them saying: Enjoy yourselves in your homes for three days. This is a promise that will not be belied! (Hud, 11:65). This warning was an occasion for them to repent to Allah, but to the contrary, they not only disbelieved in the threat but also decided to kill Saleh as well. After three days Angel Gabriel (as) shaked the walls of their homes and when they came out of their homes, he made a loud sound by which they were caused to death.Except saleh (as) and his believers. The Pharaoh: The pharaoh who ruled Egypt was a tyrant who oppressed the descendants of Musa (as). He used every means to demean and disgrace them. They were kept in bondage and forced to work for him for small wages or nothing. Under this system the people obeyed and worshipped the pharaoh, and the ruling class carried out his orders, thereby authorizing his tyranny and crazy whims.The pharaoh wanted the people to obey him only, and to believe in the gods of his invention. Perhaps, during that time, there were many classes of people who did not believe in or practice polytheism; however, they kept this to themselves and outwardly did as they were expected to do, without revolting or revealing themselves to anyone.Pharaoh came to know that a child will be born who will be cause of his destruction and death. He gave command to kill all the male children among the children of israel. Ibn Abbas narrated: Pharaoh saw in his vision a fire, which came from Jerusalem and burned the houses of the Egyptians, and all Copts, and did not do harm to the children of Israel. When he woke up, he was horrified. He then gathered his priests and magicians and asked them about this vision. They said: This means a boy will be born of them and the Egyptian people will perish at his hands. That is why Pharaoh commanded that all male children of the children of Israel be killed. But that child was born. He was prophet Musa (as). Even he was cherished by pharaoh in his palace. But after the prophethood Musa (as) conveyed the message of Allah. Musa (as) and Harun (as) went to pharaoh in obedience to Allahs command and conveyed to him the message of the religion of truth. They asked him to stop tormenting the Children of Israel and let them go with Musa (as) and Harun (as). It was unacceptable to pharaoh that Musa (as), whom he had kept near him for years and who most probably was to have been his successor on the throne, stood up to him and talked to him in this manner. For that reason, Firawn accused him of ingratitude. In Quran: (Firawn) said: Did we not cherish thee as a child among us, and didst thou not stay in our midst many years of thy life? And thou didst a deed of thine which (thou knowest) thou didst, and thou art an ungrateful (wretch)! (Surat ash-Shuara: 18-19 Out of pride and greed for power, pharaoh did not listen to what Musa (as) said. He tried to make fun of him, attempted to prove his power, and denied him. At the same time, he aimed to portray Musa (as) and Harun (as) as anarchists and accuse them of being politically motivated. Finally, neither Pharaoh nor the leaders of the people within his close circle, except for the magicians, obeyed Musa (as) and Harun (as). They did not follow the religion of truth shown to them. Therefore Allah first of all sent some disasters to them. pharaoh and his close circle were so deeply engaged in their polytheism and their idolatry, that is the religion of their ancestors, that they never considered leaving it. Even the miracles of Musa (as) were not enough to make them move away from their superstitions. Moreover, they expressed this openly. They said: Whatever be the Signs thou bringest, to work therewith thy sorcery on us, we shall never believe in thee. (Surat al-A‘raf: 132) Because of their conduct, Allah sent them a number of disasters as separate miracles to make them taste the torment in this world, before the eternal torment of the next world. The first of these was drought and scarcity of crops. In relation to the subject, it is written in the Quran: We punished the people of Firawn with years (of droughts) and shortness of crops; that they might receive admonition. (Surat al-A‘raf: 130). However, instead of taking heed as they should have, they held all that had happened was because of ill fortune brought by Musa and the Children of Israel. They were overcome by such conviction because of their superstitions, disobedience and devotion to the religion of their ancestors and, as a result, they suffered great distress for years. Allah sent to them a series of disasters, and warned them. These disasters are described as follows in the Quran: So we sent (plagues) on them: Wholesale death, Locusts, Lice, Frogs, and Blood: Signs openly self-explained: but they were steeped in arrogance a people given to sin. (Surat al-A‘raf: 133) In pharaohs time, this kind of chain of disasters appears to have occurred. According to this scenario, when the Nile was contaminated, fish also died, and the Egyptians were deprived of an important source of nutrition. Without predator fish, the frogs could initially breed freely in both ponds and the Nile and thus overpopulate the river, eventually escaping the anoxic, toxic, and putrefying environment by migrating to land, hence dying on land and decomposing along with the fish. The Nile and adjacent lands thus became fouled, and the waters became dangerous to drink or to bathe in. Moreover, the extinction of frog species causes bugs such as locusts and lice to reproduce excessively. Finally, no matter how the disasters took place, and what effect they left, neither pharaoh, nor his people turned to Allah by paying heed, but they continued in their arrogance. Musa (as) set out from Egypt with the Children of Israel who obeyed him. However, pharaoh could not accept their departure without his permission. He and his soldiers followed them . By the time Musa (as) and the Children of Israel reached the shore, pharaoh and his soldiers had caught up with them. Some of the Children of Israel, who saw this, began to complain to Musa (as). This weakness of the community is also described in the Quran in the following verse: And when the two bodies saw each other, the people of Musa said: We are sure to be overtaken.' (Surat ash-Shuara: 61) Allah revealed to Musa (as) that he should strike the sea with his rod. Upon this, it divided, and each separate part became like the huge, firm mass of a mountain. (Surat ash-Shuara: 63). In ordinary circumstances, at the moment when pharaoh saw such a miracle, he should have understood that there was something extraordinary about the situation that he was seeing Divine intervention. The sea opened for the people whom pharaoh wanted to destroy. Moreover, there was no guarantee that the sea would not close back after they passed across. Still, he and his army followed the Children of Israel into the sea. Most probably, Pharaoh and his soldiers had lost their ability to think reasonably because of their insolence and spite, and were unable comprehend the miraculous nature of the situation. The Quran describes the last moments of pharaoh as follows: We took the Children of Israel across the sea: Firawn and his hosts followed them in insolence and spite. At length, when overwhelmed with the flood, he said: I believe that there is no god except Him Whom the Children of Israel believe in: I am of those who submit (to Allah in Islam). (Surah Yunus: 90) The People of Madyan: The people of Madyan were Arabs who lived in the country of Maan, part of which today is greater Syria. They were a greedy people who did not believe that Allah existed and who led wicked lives. They gave short measure, praised their goods beyond their worth, and hid their defects. They lied to their customers, thereby cheating them.They led a very happy and a prosperous life. Due to Allahs grace and endowments, they were very wealthy. But instead of thanking Allah for His bounties, they turned greedy and started cheating and betraying people in business. They used to cheat in weighing goods i.e. when they sold goods they weighed less whereas while buying they asked for more. Fraud and deceit were commonplace and the one who was more expert in this field was considered more intelligent and wise. Allah sent His Prophet Shoaib (as) armed with many miracles. Shuaib preached to them, begging them to be mindful of Allahs favors and warning them of the consequences of their evil ways, but they only mocked him. Shuaib remained calm as he reminded them of his kinship to them and that what he was doing was not for his personal gain. In Quran: And to Madyan (We sent) their brother Shoaib. He said, O my people! Serve Allah, you have no god other than Him. Clear proof has indeed come to you from your Lord. Therefore give full measure and weight. And do not diminish to men their things and do not make mischief in the land after its reform. This is better for you if you are believers. (Araaf: 85) Shoaib (as) prohibited the people from committing such contemptible deeds, and also reminded them about Allahs chastisement. But people mocked at him and said, You want us to worship as you worship? You expect us to leave the religion of our forefathers? You expect us to employ some other method in our trade? You want us to deal honestly and suffer losses? Never! Certainly we will never heed you! Since you have become old and also have children, we pardon you. Else we would certainly have stoned you to death! They seized the belongings of Shoaib (as) and his followers, then drove them out of the city. The Messenger turned to his Lord for help, and his plea was answered. Allah sent down on them scorching heat and they suffered terribly. On seeing a cloud gathering in the sky, they thought it would bring cool, refreshing rain, and rushed outside in the hope of enjoying the rainfall. Instead the cloud burst, hurling thunderbolts and fire. They heard a thunderous sound from above which caused the earth under their feet to tremble. The evil doers perished in this state of horror. PRESENT: Todays Muslims are the followers of the last prophet of Allah, Muhammad (s.a.w). He was sent as a seal of prophets. As Allah also declared that Muhammad (s.a.w) is the seals of prophets and after him no prophet will come. He (s.a.w) was the noblest man on earth ever. And no one will come better than him. We are his nation known as Muslims. Todays Muslims are proud to be Muslims. But should they really get proud of it? Todays Muslims are also involved in the activities the previous nations used to be involved in and they cam to no good end. They were perished by Allah. Muslims are involved in different sins like; stealing, killing, greed, not to be thankful to Allah, arrogant, mean, boastful, diminish, and the worst sin shirk. As it