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Tuesday, April 30, 2019

Human resources management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human resources management - Assignment ExampleIt mainly encompasses the domain of tasks which seeks to ensure the welfare of workers and taking care of their concerns. However, the modern HRM functions has emerged out of the concept of regarding employees and workers as resources in their organizations required for meeting organizational goals and objectives. HRM considers people as their first priority and tries to secure management objectives by maximization of the return of enthronization of those resources (Brumfitt, Barnes, Norris & Jones, p.4). 1.2 Contribution of HRM function to Virgin Atlantic There have been major compounds in Virgin Atlantic since its ownership by the Virgin Group and Singapore Airlines. This necessarily implies a complete restructuring of its existing policies and strategies. The concentre has been towards retaining a customer centric approach and deliver new and innovative services towards its customers. The main judgment is to retain its market po sition by setting new standards of services towards customers. It is imperative that this would require recreating HR strategies for meeting the new organizational inescapably. In this case particularly, restructuring would call for resistances and opposition from the workforce of the organization which needs to be handled. New HRM functions would mainly cater towards helping the organization towards meeting its purpose, motivating employees through the change process and handling change management issues at large. 1.3 Roles and Responsibilities of line Managers in Virgin Atlantic rootage Managers are said to remain in close contact with the employees and as such they remain some aware of the present issues and concerns of the employees. This called for the involvement of line managers in managing the adult male resources in the organization. They are responsible for pinch the present and the early conditions of the organizations and the external environment in which it opera tes. They are too responsible for knowing the future requirements from the leaders in the organization. That means they focus on the potential performance of the organization. This means developing the human resource in the organization so as to develop the potential performance. Line managers are also involved in various developmental activities which include group session, one to one activities, conducting company projects, conducting a feedback and system and a coaching system too. Line managers are associated with personal development programs catering to the needs of the organization too (Martindale, Guide to leadership development in 11 steps). 1.4 Legal and regulatory framework on HRM in Virgin Atlantic Since the profitability of any airline links nearly with the economic growth of the region, it remains subjected to various rules and regulations. Recently the UK Government has become particularly cautious closely security checks at UK airports. The UK CAA is especially re sponsible for monitoring risk based performance of the airline. Apart from that the SRG employs a team of specialists to monitor the activities of the airline in different areas (Civil Aviation Authority-a, The Specialist Teams). This includes testing pilot capacities, aircraft maintenance, flying, planning and recreational activities etc. The airline industry is

Monday, April 29, 2019

Global Inequality and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Global distinction and Development - Essay ExampleDifferent schools of thought emerged since time immemorial to explain the various perspectives and viewpoints that admirer us in the in-depth analysis of the occurrence of such diversities. The works of various prominent assimilators continue to see the various stand points that privates might take to help in understanding disturbing issues why different nations are much more developed than other(a)s, many of the nations particularly developing nations continue to lag can in terms of development and are faced with abject meagerness that limits their capacity to achieve full development (Giddens, 1978, 65, 119). These perceptions also try to explain the relationship that exists between underdeveloped nations and these nations that have taken an abundant leap in terms of kindly, political and scotch advancements and the instruments that they employ to maintain this place quo and inhibit other nations from achieving this as pired level of social, political and economic stability. ... Various theoretical perceptions emerged to help explain the nagging question of poverty and its relationship to development. However, these theories tended to different issues and were nearly the same in the theoretical traditions that strengthened this association. The most common untarnished theories include theories put forward by Karl Marx, Marx Weber and David Durheim. Even if they have similar family tree, these theories clashed for dominance. Every scholar preferred his theory as the best for social theory analysis. Marx Weber advanced his conjecture of weberianism, which lead to the arrangement of the society into social social stratifications. He studied this division using three dimensions namely economic class, social status and political power. The economic class was associated with the goods and services and amount of income that an individual owned, the social status was associated with the amount of respe ct that an individual enjoyed while the political power represented the amount of influence that an individual exercised. The dimensions of social stratification were interrelated with political power being the determinant of the economic class and social status that an individual enjoyed. His theory recognized the legal order and emphasized it never guaranteed the three dimensions of stratification but only acted as a means to realize massive powers necessary to ensure economic and social success (Giddens, 1978, 119). The economy was viewed as a peaceful means of exercising power of mesh to ease the acquisition of goods and services. This would later lead to the rise of state monopolies that were precursors of capitalism. This atmosphere created room for unfair contender between holders and non holders of power in the scramble to

Sunday, April 28, 2019

Business report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business paper - Essay ExampleAbstract This report looks at the influence culture has had on the world of agate line. The report closely examines the methodology used to channelise business between different companies with different origins of country. The report focuses on the communication breastwork that is caused to due to the residue in the two cultures and the principal(prenominal) issues that arise when conducting business. The report discoursees the rules suggested when negotiating, the various phases of a negotiation and the steps that privation to be followed while conducting business with organizations from different cultures. The report concludes stating that conducting business in a country consort to the cultural norms of that country dramatically improves the chances of success. Foreword With the concept of multinational business on the rise there is a need for many to effectively communicate with individuals from different parts of the world having differen t backgrounds, beliefs, and cultures. Organizations give to be prepared when they conduct business in different countries. ... Aims The main aim of this report is to discuss the various cultural and communication issues that arise while conducting business in different countries and particularly in UAE. The report also aims to provide various approaches that discharge be made to ensure success indoors the business world of the United Arab Emirates. Introduction Effective communication is important for an organization to function and carry out day to day activities smoothly. The expansion of business to different geographic locations around the globe has brought new challenges for the business world. The difference in customs and languages causes difficulty in effective communication within an organization. Cross cultural communication relates to an area of study that deals with communication between different individuals from different cultural and ethnic background. The main is sue that arises in cross cultural communication is the different language being used in different countries. The second is proper advertising and understanding the targeted audience of a particular country. The third function to consider would be the norms of the culture. Fourth would be their customs. Last would be the political influences within a country. These quintuple factors should be addressed when conducting business overseas or when employing individuals from different ethnic and cultural background. Issues Language barrier Language barrier is a term used to describe the difficulties people face when they do not have a common language to communicate. To counter the effects of the language barrier either angiotensin converting enzyme of the two parties or both have to learn a new language. The services of an interpreter can be sought

Saturday, April 27, 2019

European free trade zone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

European liberal make out zone - Essay ExampleThe seven fellow member countries of EFTA including Austria, Denmark, the United Kingdom, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, and Switzerland were not willing to be the part of the European Economic Community at that time. Finland, Iceland, and Liechtenstein united EFTA later. Under the EFTA treaty, the member countries made a partnership in order to form and manage a free sight zone, and they initially established such(prenominal) a region among themselves the free trade res publica then eventually broadened to include the European Community. By the formation of a European free trade zone, the member countries aimed increased productivity, a more efficient use of resources, the expansion of economic activity and affluent employment as well as promoting financial stability and improving living standards (European free trade theatre). Gradually, some countries left the EFTA and presently the EFTA comprises Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and Li echtenstein. In 1992, EFTA made agreements with EEA (European Economic Area) to aid its members to juncture the European internal market freely. These agreements contained specific provision regarding the preservation of social policy, consumer rights, environment, and company law and statistics. In addition, the agreement also included various provisions for the mutual cooperation of EEA-EFTA Member States in various studys such as researches and development, information technology, education, industrial trading operations, tourism, multimedia sector and civil protection (European free trade area). As Ranchev and Georgi point out, in Southeast Europe, seven countries including Albania, Croatia, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romania, Macedonia, and FR Yugoslavia signed a memo of Understanding on 27th June 2001 for the establishment of a free trade zone in that area (1-13). After the collapse of the Iron curtain, two free trade areas namely Baltic Free bargain Area (BAFTA) a nd Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) were formed so as to energize the countries under these areas for membership of the EU. However, the original members from both these areas left the agreements and joined EU after the enlargement of EU in 2004. CEFTA has spread its operations to Southern Europe by adding members from Western Balkans and Moldova regions. The EU not only when operates as a free trade area but it engages in more widespread operations with its predecessor, the European Economic Community. The EU offers services to EFTA members by sharing its unity market through European Economic Area and it maintains provisions for making free trade agreements with most other European countries. instanter Europe includes three multi-lateral free trade areas in addition to the European Union which maintains a single market and one former-FTA. Crises to European Free Trade Zone The European free trade area has faced a large number of crises from the beginning of its his tory. Although, the free trade zone implementation service for Southeast Europe has been well structured, many economists opine that this trade liberalization process may takings in adverse economic impacts. Ranchev and Georgi strongly argue that the concept of free trade zone would set up potential threats to the sustainable economic growth of the

Friday, April 26, 2019

Biblcal Concepts of Worship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Biblcal Concepts of theology - Essay ExampleMartins definition of worship as a dramatic celebration of immortal must have kindled this quest for finding slipway on how one should worship. A look at the Scriptures about the doctrine of worship pull up stakes process make this new trend be subject to the evaluation of the churches in general, in this modern age.In the Old Testament there is one main interchange which is identified which is rendered worship. It occurs a total of 172 generation in the Authorized Version and being rendered 99 clock by worship and 68 times as a verb or as an action which denotes the bending over or making oneself reckon to be smaller than one really is. The word worship means bow, bow down, obeisance, reverence, fall down, stoop, or crouch. pietism is a technical term for an action where a mans attitude before theology is concerned.Worship is our reaction based on our knowledge of who God is or of what He has done for us. The Hebrew word worship carries with it the action of bowing down. The emphasis on the action illustrates the relationship of the creature, man, towards the Creator, God. Worship, therefore, in this case is acknowledging Gods sovereignty.In several Scripture passages, the word translated worship means to do obeisance. It is to show respect and reverence to a superior. When the authority of the superior is recognized, the inferior bowed down or prostrated themselves at the others feet as a acquaintance of their being superior. More often, worship is tied up with the revelation of who God is. When a person idolise God or fell down before God in the Old Testament, they were doing so because they knew who God is in their lives.How a man will worship God will be based on how he knows God. If he doesnt know God, he cannot react in worship. If his knowledge of God is limited, so will his worship be also.Bowing down or falling down is an acknowledgment of Gods supremacy, His sovereignty, and His authority. From this confession that God is superior arises an action of obedience in the life of the one who worships. When God said, Why do you confab Me Lord, Lord and not do what I tell you He was expressing the idea that if one acknowledges God as sovereign it must result to his obedience to the commands that are received from Him. The New Testament Worship on that point are many words in the New Testament which are translated as worship. in that respect is one which occurs in 60 occasions and is always rendered worship in the Authorized Version. The word connotes that the truster had to be involved in some form of bending, kneeling or prostration. This was parallel to obeisance in the Old Testament. There are two other words which mean to revere or to enjoy and this emphasizes the feeling of awe or devotion in the act of worship.The Contemporary or Modern WorshipAs mentioned earlier, many of the churches today of the Protestants and the Catholics have riskd into the realm of findings ne w ways of expressing their worship, more specifically, public worship. This venture results from the desire to have a kind of worship that will work and continue to be unspoilt in the church. A worship that will have staying power is a worship that is firmly grounded in the old, yet aware of and concerned for new ways to respond to the old, old story. (Webber)Everyday, many churches coming from distinguishable lights of traditions are making a new touch with their worship. From liturgical

Thursday, April 25, 2019

How privatization of police and community policing have changed law Term Paper

How privatization of guard force and community policing have changed law enforcement - Term newsprint ExampleWith no rules to govern them, private police also become intrusive. In order to earn law enforcement without compromising on right to security and without intrusions, extensive propagation of community police mock up can help.Many people cipher law enforcement as synonymous with policing. In the late twentieth century, the systems of law enforcement and crime control in many an(prenominal) modern nations have undergone a paradigm shift. For many centuries, politics employed police had the responsibility of enforcing law. Early 1980s saw the evolution of pluralized policing apart from government employed police or public police, private security personnel, and communities started offering paid and voluntary police services, respectively (Bayley & Shearing, 1996). They have affected law enforcement to such an extent that many new definitions of the word police include th ese forms of police service as well. In order to understand how these systems have changed law enforcement, we shall consider the evolution of these systems, law enforcement in these systems, their limitations, and possible solutions.Private police or private security is not a new concept since ancient times groups of mercenaries have been selling their services, be it as guards, as warriors, or as bounty hunters. Before World War II, this system had an unfavorable reputation, viewed as intermixture gangs of heavies hired either to spy or to use illegal force. Both civilians and the police considered them a touch-and-go and unauthorized intrusion by private interests into a government preserve (Bayley & Shearing, 1996). With increasing crime rate in the 20th century, overburdened police forces and the public began to consider them a necessity. Since 1980s, many governments have started to source to private security agencies (Bayley & Shearing, 1996). Today, private police outnum ber public police in many nations, including in the United States.Community policing on the other hand is a

Wednesday, April 24, 2019

Jean Watsons theory of caring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Jean Watsons supposition of caring - Essay ExampleThis radical talks on Jane Watsons theory of nursing. Her theory is based on the belief that a caring military posture among the nurses for their diligents is an essential part of getting well. Moreover, a real and heart-felt caring attitude develops from a adult maleistic individualized value system that comes from a liberal arts background in college. She calls this caring attitude as composed of carative factors (from the word dish out) and is encapsulated in her seven major assumptions as contained in her theory of nursing. Furthermore, she elaborated on this theory in her ten carative factors that should serve as a guide in todays complex creative activity of nursing. The major point of her theory is to re-emphasize the caring factors which are somehow lost in the on-going focus on technological and technical factors in medicine and nursing care. People seem to assimilate forgotten how crucial caring is because of the r apid commercialization of the health care industry. Patients are now viewed or termed as clients and no different from a regular sales transaction in which the health care nurse or any medical professional is the seller and the patient is the customer. Jane Watsons theory has great conditional relation today in view of emphasis that patients should be treated first and foremost as human beings who have feelings which can either send them back to either good or ill health depending on the attitude exhibited by their nurses. Profound changes in the medical and scientific technologies should not diminish the patient as a person. Keywords altruism, carative, caring, humanistic, nursing, personal, theory, values Introduction breast feeding today is a recognized profession and forms a crucial part of the health care team. Nurses have their own code of ethics to guide them through and through the challenges and ethical issues that they often encounter in their practice. It has gone a ver y long way since the old age of Ms. Florence Nightingale whose original philosophy was limited to caring of the wounded and the brainsick as she had witnessed during a war. Nursing has since expanded to many specialties such that nurses are to be trained academically as well as acquire interoperable skills through learning by experience. The big part of nursing practice is anchored on certain theories about proper care in all aspects of the human life. Nursing has since expanded to overwhelm important components in human life ranging from the conception of life itself, the entire birth-death cycle, personal relationships, good health, healing, pain, suffering, loss, grieve and caring (Watson, 2008, p. 2). Nursing practice is based on a number of competing theories about caring for the sick and how to promote good health in general. It has evolved since and is still evolving even today. This paper discusses Jean Watsons own theory of nursing as opposed to the other nursing theorie s in current practice. Nursing as a distinct profession has its unique focus for knowledge acquisition and development through the totality of its philosophy, research, theories and practical wisdom. The knowledge so acquired is used to guide actual nursing practice but obviously, this can withal change from time to time depending on which nursing theory seems plausible and workable. The theories of Jean Watson are strange in one respect which is to bring back humanity to a side of nursing which had been criticized in some quarters of society as being too cold and clinical for forgetting that patients are hoi polloi who have feelings that can get hurt if not handled well. Discussion Background of Theory Jean Watson had a doctorate degree in nursing and so was able to develop her theory based on extensive knowledge together with equally impressive working experiences. She has both undergraduate and graduate degrees in nursing and psychiatric health nursing as well as another doc torate degree

Problems in the Public School System Research Paper

Problems in the Public School System - query Paper ExampleA more pressing observation, which most people have failed to acknowledge, is the collective trial of the American public to hold not still specifyers to standards but also the government and its policy towards nurture. savant Apathy Learner apathy in the American public school dust whitethorn be rap musicd on a variety of factors. Most students of today have come to put things such as sports and other activities such as T.V watching and going out to be of more importance than an education. Issues from home such as divorce or poverty make the apprentice unable to learn and compete effectively in the classroom (Long 54-61), plague some students. While educational psychologists have hold these problems as having the potential to impair learning, very little has been done by parents and teachers in trying to hold back emotional and mental disabilities, which ultimately result into apathy in school. According to Grif fith, the education scheme is to blame since it makes learners have misguided perceptions on education. Many learners know that colleges take into consideration the grades of the eleventh and twelfth grades and thusly they tend to relax and only start getting serious during those final years, which results, into failure (231-4). Since the American system is based on the traditional approach of classroom learning, many students may feel neglected since they may be more inclined to the practical aspects of learning. The system is also to blame for some of the apathy among students. Students in the lower classes are required to attend compulsory classes some of which they may not have an interest. Since overhauls of the system are also few and far between some of the content being learned may not give learners the challenge they require at a certain level. Accountability One of the for the first time issues in the American public education system is the lack of holding of students accountable. Many public schools teachers and parents do not hold students accountable to attaining high academic standards as before. Many public schools are only interested in the dissemination of information and covering of the syllabus without caring whether the learners attain the set goals or they fail (Scovronick 186-7). Many learners in the public schools only attend school at their own testament since parents do not care whether they attend school or they do not. Many learners are cognize to keep away from school on many instances without receiving any reprimand or any build of punishment from either the parents or teachers. In days of old, such behavior was expected to elicit ominous punishment and consequences for the student not only from the parents but also from teachers. Many of the parents and teachers of today lay the blame of a lack of student business on changing attitudes about child punishment, which makes the enforcement of student accountability difficult if not impossible. A review of research done however shows that there are a variety of methods that may be employed by teachers and parents in holding learners accountable in education apart from corporal punishment (Hood 345-53). Changing lifestyles of American parents such as having two jobs lead to inadequate relationships between the learner and the parent. Such lifestyles also leave no room for the parent to appraise the learners performance. Political Interference Political interference in the public system of American culture has to be

Tuesday, April 23, 2019

Data Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Data Analysis - subsidisation ExampleManually (but randomly) select n (20 n 25) countries (do not use any random excerption mechanism) to construct the selective information set. Enter the observations on each of the four unsettleds corresponding to each country you confine selected into a Stata data file and save this file. Your Stata data editor should now show a data matrix with dimensions (n X 4) where the value of n is elect by you as per the requirement.i Select any one independent variable from the three in your dataset and denote it by X. Denote the dependent variable IN by Y. Use a calculator/software and your sample to calculate X, Y, XY and X2. Use these set to write down the pair of normal equations the solutions of which give the constant term and the slope of the Ordinary least Squares line. (15 marks)iv Construct the multiple regression model by denoting the dependent and the selected independent variables using the roman print characters Y, X2, X3 and X4, res pectively. For example, if you choose Urban population, Literacy Rate and GDP then you should define the model asRun a Stata regression of the dependent variable Y values on the three explanatory variables you have chosen and a constant. Use the regression output to explain why and how the F-statistic was calculated by the software and how it potbelly be used to test for the overall relevance of the regression model. (30

Monday, April 22, 2019

Change and Development in the English Language111 Essay

Change and Development in the English Language111 - Essay ExamplePyles, doubting Thomas and John Algeo, gave an example that the rule of pronouncing the earn r. The concept of linking r which is used in British accent and it do difficult for the Americans to interpret certain words. This is a wide gap that made business for the correspondence of the established and current English.3. Elision Due to less stress for words or letter the sound is omitted while pronouncing. As per Pyles, Thomas and John Algeo in that location are two types, in omitting the sounds every at the start or at the end of a word and it is called as aphesis and apocope respectively.3. The History The account statement of English address also is a cause for the diversity involved in the language. The English language is constructed from Greek and Latin. The people from different places took place in the event of the spreading of English language. And so there is a clear difference between the modern and est ablished English.4. Spellings and Pronunciation Variation The traditional words like bade are being transformed into bed ( Pyles, Thomas and John Algeo, ch 3, pg 52). This is because of the adjustment made between the pronunciation and spelling. Hence pronunciation gap between the modern and traditional language.

Sunday, April 21, 2019

Technology Infrastructure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Technology Infrastructure - rise ExampleAn IP address however, can be assigned either statically (permanent) or dynamically (temporary).In the given router scenario configuration, there are two IP addresses from two different classes i.e. 70.115.23.137 of class A (on earnings Port) and 192.168.1.1 of class C (on LAN Port). The two are different as like MAC Addresses (above). Commonly, a router owns two separate IP addresses one for the local network (LAN) and other one for accessing public network (WAN).After reviewing the given scenario, the DHCP service is turned off which means that IP addresses would not assigned dynamically to the devices within the LAN structure. Each networking device in the scenario should be assigned a unique (static) IP address within the clutches of given IP i.e. 192.168.1.1. As mentioned above that this is a class C address, and can support up-to 254 hosts. As 192.168.1.1 is configured on the routers LAN port, broadcast address for this range is 192.1 68.1.255 useable range of IP addresses is 192.168.1.2- 192.168.1.254.IP address of the routers LAN port is 192.168.1.1 thus the neglectfulness gateway address for every device in the LAN shall be configured as 192.168.1.1. tack device would identify router as the door pointing out of the local network (LAN) towards the public network (WAN). The subnet inter of router is configured to 255.255.255.0 which also categorized as the network segment for the given scenario, so the subnet mask of the IP address assigned to the device should also be set 255.255.255.0, as device is configured to fall out in the network segment.It is a system of accessing document through internet by applying standard protocols. In another words it is a transparent, easy to use, user interface for accessing internet servers regardless of knowing material position of that server.It is a mechanism that links the hostname with the corresponding IP address over web (Blank, 2004, p. 174-175). In other words in is

Saturday, April 20, 2019

Time spent outdoors is Beneficial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Time spent outdoors is Beneficial - Essay Examplehe greater part of the day working inside and then go home to their residential condominium structures to difference and sleep, so that this has led to a sedentary way of life for most. This kind of lifestyle has a hurtful or adverse effect on a persons wellness in the long run.Outdoors refers to places in a natural setting when in some rural areas or in semi-natural environments when in distant suburban places or when in highly urbanized cities, to any place that is outside of any building or dwelling. In this regard, it is vital for people to get out especially during daytime in target to get the beneficial effects of sunshine, such as vitamin D. Other than that, they similarly get fresh dividing line as opposed to breathing indoor air produced by the air conditioners which have become sooner ubiquitous these days and may contain toxins.Spending time outdoors and staying in the sunshine also has some psychological effects on pe ople, as they will raise their spirits and avoid depress moods. In other words, spending time outdoors clears the mind and raises the spirits of people as they rouse see and appreciate all the beauty of nature. Time spent outdoors can be peculiarly enjoyable if they also engage in some recreational activities or leisurely pursuits like cycling, hiking, campground or fishing.The idea of spending time outdoors is to engage in some physical practise that will let a person burn off excess calories and avoid the dangers of obesity and its associated ailments. A person who is quite active and spends a considerable amount of time outdoors tends to be a bit healthier compared to a person who sits in the office the whole day. This is why doctors and other health care practitioners and wellness advocates encourage people to be active whenever they have spare time to do so. However, people need not stay too long in direct sunlight as it is also dangerous in some respects, such as the ultr a-violet rays that can cause skin cancer. A few minutes each day of sun

Friday, April 19, 2019

Discuss how branding adds value with reference to the cases namely 3M, Essay

Discuss how branding adds value with reference to the cases namely 3M, Singapore Airiness, AMEX, floor show Med, Haagen Daaz - Essay Exampleconcepts were adopted by its management in order to innovate, reorient, strategically position and delimit its then existing strategic branding techniques. An articulate strategy of brand value creation on with a customer loyalty management approach was adopted in the 1980s in retort to competitors threat to its core business, viz. the American render card.Indeed almost 900,000 federal employees use the American Express card to settle bills to the tune of $250 billion annually though the company has had to do everything low its power to avoid being pushed into the red. The 1980s were marked by stiffer competition from its parallel rivals like the visa card, MasterCard and so on. In fact while the total expenditure on credit cards change magnitude from a mere $250 billion in 1985 to $1,000 billion in 1993, the market share of American Expre ss was either stagnant or actually falling.It was around this time that the management of the company realized the coition significance of a strategic shift in its brand management and value creation approaches. joined with a mammoth advertising campaign, the company sought convincingly to introduce innovation, value for money, smartness and classlessness as the new impulsive concepts in a customer-oriented promotion campaign. This strategic shift in companys brand equity policy approach worked to such an extent that soon its rivals began to copy some of its primordial principles (Neal & Strauss, 2008). The loyalty management program of American Express was probably the best strategic tactic that salaried handsome dividends later on.Unlike its rivals, American Express began to innovate with both adverting and loyalty management. For instance its look People advertising slogan appealed to people across class and social barriers because it focused on the dynamic value propositio n. Every individual person who had some success in their business or traffic was chosen to underline and drive home the message

Thursday, April 18, 2019

Causal Factors Regarding Students with Emotional and Behavioral Essay

causative Factors Regarding Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders - Essay ExampleEmotional and behavioral disorders may exist at the akin time with other disabilities within an individual student. From the biological domain, there exist certain factors that could cause ruttish and behavioral disorders. These may include affective disorders, schizophrenic disorders, anxiety disorders or any other fixed conduct maladjustments that undesirably affect educational outcomes of the student. These could be identify through self-directed and over controlled horny and behavioral factors such as somatic problems, anxiety, social withdrawal or isolation and depression (Merrell & Walker, 2004).inside the school linguistic context, disruption, noncompliance and aggression constitute factors that could cause emotional and behavioral disorders in students. These may be identified through overleap of focused attention, continued disruption of other students, isolation and avoidance o r escaping demands of class work and assignments. These students may likewise not carry out tasks and assignments as expected of them. From the context of the family, wellness factors, physical symptoms and pervasive mood constitute causal factors of emotional and behavioral disorders. Poor health status, depression, unhappiness remain identifiable features of these causal factors. Furthermore, social isolation, comprise the cultural context. These causal factors would be identified through the in readiness of these students to build and economise acceptable interpersonal relationship with others. In addition, they have fear, apply in antisocial and deviant behaviors, lack remorse and select or develop their own specialise of behavioral rules that govern their conduct (Merrell & Walker, 2004). ... These causal factors would be identified through the inability of these students to build and maintain acceptable interpersonal relationship with others. In addition, they have fear, e ngage in antisocial and deviant behaviors, lack remorse and select or develop their own set of behavioral rules that govern their conduct (Merrell & Walker, 2004). Criteria of identifying causal factors in EBD Several methods have become suggested by different researchers of emotional and behavioral disorders as relevant to the identification of the factors causing the constipation. In this regard, the use of the utilize Behavior Analysis (ABA) technique would be tolerate in identifying these causal factors in students. The use of this technique involves the identification of the relationship between causes and effects in relation to a specific behavior and environmental incidents. Applied Behavior Analysis technique also takes into account other characteristics that could be put into consideration while identifying causal factors. Such characteristics include the ability of behavior to be learnt, changed and be influenced by environmental consequences. Moreover, the technique f ocuses on the behavior rather than the disability and entails the use of game plans in changing behavior. The use of behavioral principles, behavior change measurement and exception of emotional relations as underlying cause also forms part of the criteria employed in Applied Behavior Analysis technique (Yell et al., 2009). Impacts of causal factors on students with EBD The characteristics of behavior may be determined by their outcomes on behavior. Causal factors that remain as unconditional or conditioned have considerable impacts on the behavior of

Wednesday, April 17, 2019

Influence of Religion at Literature and Art review

Influence of Religion at and Art - Literature look backward ExampleThis paper will begin with the statement that the twentieth century was the most discrepant plosive in the history of mankind. On the one hand that was the epoch of scientific, technical and intellectual progress and bulky hitches in all spheres of human activity. On the other, the 20th century was the board of deep spiritual crisis. any person in the world revised old established ideas about good and evil. Thomas Mann called it the age of endless wars and revolutions (Jasper, 1992, p. 54). It assumed collisions non only between countries and classes but also in human minds and souls. The extreme experience of the World War I and World War II was described by American writers who came to fight young, full of hopes and returned from the war with destroyed dreams and believes without finding the new ones. Such writers created their own literary productions - the books of Lost Generation. In their deeds Ernest Heming sort, William Folkner and others depicted disregarded surroundings, estrangement and deep pessimism caused by uncivilized reality. Ernest Hemingway wrote when men fight for the freedom of their country against a foreign invasion, and when these men are your friends, some hardly a(prenominal) friends and some of long allowing, you know how they were attached and how they fought, you learn, watching them live and fight and die, you learn that there are worse things than war. Cowardice is worse, treachery is worse, and simple selfishness is worse (Brian, 1988, p. 73). People, who got the scar of the war did not believe in divinity any more. The crisis of the twentieth century was one of the social phenomena that had to be acknowledged before it was dealt with. The way out of the crisis was hard and long because the chief(prenominal) reason of it was the changing of the attitude towards the Christian dogmas. Outstanding German philosopher Fridrich Nitse wrote Concept of Go d still was the strongest objection against existing We disclaim God. We deny the responsibility in God and due to this well save the world for the first time (Pelican, 1991, p. 83). Another philosopher Thomas Mann said that Christianity was one of the bases on which our civilization lied. In such turbulent times every person who was spiritually free and not only swimming with the stream of the age had an urgent necessity to reappraise his values, to realize them again and stand up for them. The 20th century strictly criticised Christian morality. just that criticism touched only the little ideas but the deep Christian dogmas that were found once stayed virginal (Jasper, 1992, p. 69). For the last two thousand geezerhood you could hardly find a literary work where the theme of religion, faith or God was omitted. These themes were omnipresent. Their variations - Christian images, symbols, allusions, associations, philosophical reflections on God were found in works of different wr iters, different genres and styles. American literature of the 20th century was not an exception. Till the time Kurt Vonneguts usage of Christian motives were not thoroughly examined. The critics had an sagaciousness that Christianity and Vonnegut were almost incompatible. They supposed the writers attitude towards Christianity was not serious but even negative. Only the last researches of his works showed the role and meaning of Christianity in authors world outlook. Religion played an important role in Vonneguts delicate world and the Bible was the main element of the authors thinking. Vonnegut emphasised the positive beginning of Christianity, its appeal to universal love. Nevertheless Vonnegut thought that the Christian religion couldnt prevent shocking crimes of the 20th century. J. Lundguist wrote a book dedicated to Kurt Vonnegut and his works. In it he analysed Vonneguts manner of writing and pointed out the cosmic irony as the main feature of writers method. He also touch ed the theme of Christian religion especially while analysing the Vonneguts novel Slaughter-House Five (1969). Lundguist compared the main hero of the novel with Jesus Christ.

Leadership in organizations Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

lead in establishments - Term Paper ExampleTherefore, in asking this question, the expected answer that would demonstrate loss leaders in general, and the ability to lead Microsoft in particular would therefore comprise of the following fundamental lead principles Strong value system Leadership is defined in different parameters. Nevertheless, the common denominator for effective and prospering leadership is that the leader at least believes in something, and consistently seeks self-improvement through strengthening the illusionist attributes. Therefore, possessing a well-set value system is a vital aspect of effective and flourishing leadership, considering that it makes the leader consistent in pursuing the goals of the organization, without being deterred by any challenges (Manfred and De Vries, 7). Take for example, cadence Gates has be on top of the richest people in the world, yet with all that money, he still woke up every(prenominal) day and headed to his place of work, until his retirement. Such characteristics can only be demonstrated by a leader who really believes in something, and that belief gives him the drive to pursue the wad and the objectives of the organization every single day, until now when money, fame and power is no longer the motivating factors, having already achieved them. Thus, the fundamental and the most important answer that would be expected of a candidate for the post of the Microsoft CEO, should comprise a statement indicating that the candidate is visionary, and has a strong value system, making it possible for the candidate to consistently pursue the vision of the organization. However, being visionary only is not adequate to make an individual effective and successful leader, whenever it is devoid of the ability to construct the vision and the belief system into a solid and tangible construction that can be perceived by all the organizational stakeholders (Manfred and De Vries, 8). The vision of Microsoft over the past decades has been to transform and change the world. While this can solely be categorized as a general, inarticulate and overambitious vision, it simply defines the great belief that Bill Gates and the organization had, to reach every part of the world and supply their products, to form a political program that would transform the whole world. Today, there is no denial that Microsoft has transformed the world, through making the dream of having a computer in every household in the world become virtually true, since even for those who do not have desktop computers, they have other gadgets that are utilizing the Microsoft developed software to run. Demonstrate a esthesis of humility, tolerance, tact and charisma In answering what defines the candidates leadership style, a sense of humility is among the most sought characteristic that the candidate should be able to demonstrate, among the fundamental principles that constitutes effective and successful leadership (Manfred an d De Vries, 12). Good and effective leadership is characterized by humility, where the leader is not simply leading the organization through issuing orders and placing a firm hand on his employees, but where the leader becomes the example in accomplishing the objectives and visions of the organizat

Tuesday, April 16, 2019

Challenges Faced by Fisrt Year Students Essay Example for Free

Challenges go about by Fisrt Year Students EssayYou are expected to submit the pre-writing stage before net entranceway of the essay The pre-writing stage should be a clear out puff of how you are going to write your final essay and an annotated bibliography of not less than five sources..The purpose of the assignment is to 1. help you develop the ability to research, hypothesise on and write an academician essay 2. develop the ability to integrate sources ( i.e. direct quotes, paraphrases and summaries) in your mould to demonstrate your perspective on the assignment topic 3. The paper should be written in an academic writing format and should be word processed, font Roman Times or calibri, size 12, line spacing 1.5 and not more(prenominal) than one and a half pages long. 4. The paper should be well researched and thought-provoking. entirely sources from which your information was obtained should be properly cited using the APA style, and a reference list written at the end up of the paper. 5. The reference list should be in a separate page Choose any of the hobby topics and write an academic essay.1. Is the law that prohibits the use of cellular phones while driving in Botswana fair? 2. why is the media important in society? 3. To what extent does the mass media (TV, radio and newspapers) influence an individuals temperament? 4. Damage of the environment is an inevitable consequence of worldwide improvements in the standard of living. Discuss 5. 6. 7. 8. What are the challenges go about by students at university level that may lead to poor performance. Discuss the different ways by means of which poverty can be eradicated What is culture? Discuss the different elements of culture. Exams often do little more than measure a persons ability to take exams so exams should be abolished in party favor of another form of assessment9. Evaluate the importance of a counseling centre in a university 10. What is the difference between sex and gender? What are gender roles? Deadline for pre-writing stage 03 March Due run across 08 March

Monday, April 15, 2019

Billy Budd Sailor Essay Example for Free

billystick Budd Sailor Essay nightstick Budd, Sailor, a novel by Herman Melville, at first sight, seems like it is nothing else but the story of a sailor who is executed after world wrongly accused of mutiny. But when one examines the story deeply one finds that the story has a contrary meaning and that Billy Budd resembles deliverer in many ways. Billy Budd as a the Nazarene digit According to the authors description, Billy Budd, the main protagonist, like messiah was handsome, pure and as complimentary as a child in a world full of evil men. He had the said(prenominal) physical features of Christ. Like Christ, he had blue eyes and a symmetrical figure.The resemblance is manifest in the first chapter when Captain Graveling, after the crew stopped fighting as soon as Billy joined them, says that Billy neither preached nor said anything to the crew. There was a kind of virtuousness in him that reached come in to people. (Melville, 1924) The author here alludes to Christ who was also virtuous and healed all those who came into contact with him. The symbolism is more than evident in the end chapters, especially in the scenes of the death of Billy Budd. For instance, Captain Vere cries, Struck exsanguinous by an angel of God (Melville, 1924) after Billy strikes Claggart, and then says, Yet the angel must touch, (Melville, 1924) when he realizes that Billy has to die. Billy, before he dies, says, God bless Captain Vere. (Melville, 1924) All this reminds us of Christ. Christ like Billy in the novel forgave all those who were responsible for his death. The resemblance is all the more evident in the last chapter when Billy is executed. Here the author describes how Billys shipmates worship the gallows from which Billy was hung. Christs followers as well as worshipped the Cross.The setting and all the events that take place have a striking resemblance to the events that took place when Christ was executed. In conclusion it can be said that Billy Budd in the novel is not an ordinary sailor but a Christ-like figure, a symbol of Christ with characteristics of Christ. Just as Christ was a victim of an antagonistic society and had to sacrifice his life, Billy Budd too was an innocent victim of society and had to sacrifice his life. References Melville, Herman (1924), Billy Budd, Sailor, The University of Chicago Press, 1962.

Sunday, April 14, 2019

Community Service Essay Example for Free

Community Service Es regularizeBefore actu every(prenominal)y partaking in community service, I always thought of it as a means of everyplaceworking students for the employers to save money, but after actually getting myself involved in itI make outd that doing community service is actually a privilege for us the volunteers. It gives us an chance to gain construe, widen our skills and get a better understanding of the hard force back and it is a process that essentially goes into the outcome of a product or service. Community service has literally do me accomplished how picayune I contribute to my rude, how little I know about my country and has brought to my attention and conscience that I should try my best to assist to a greater extentfree of wagein the continuous growth of my economy. Doing my service at St. arise Nursery, has opened my eyes to the not so lenient process of growing flowers, plants and trees for example how important fertilizers are and what a bi g difference the right fertilisers take a leakand withal the different types of fertilizers and their functions . Before I never really understood the beauty of them nor did I realize how much work went into nurturing and harvesting them, but now I am more aware and more concerned about the health of trees and how they are treated and still situated in a rear or the ground.On my first day at St. Rose Nursery, I was presumption a travel of the compound and while getting the tour, I could not help but feel relaxed and free. The ambience of the glasshouse changed my mood and thought completely it had me wondering why do we stress out ourselves? Also it made me realize that I should take time to get in touch with nature and myself. After creation introduced to the employees, I felt intimidated because I was the only female surrounded by five males so I saw that as a challenge in terms of them underestimating me and my abilities but after talking to them for a little I felt right at home and was able to be myself and regular(a) challenge myself by tuition to pot plants, fertilize them and water them all in one day. They were all so helpful and very explanatory and took the time to show me exactly what to do before I did it, at the end of the day I excelled andaccomplished utmost more than they expected the good cogency at the nursery led me to croak longer hours there than I actually expected to spend per day.Throughout my time at St. Rose nursery, I would like to call up that I have brought a youthful and eager emotion to the compound despite the fact that we worked in separate areas. I believe that I have shown them that a woman can be productive in the nursery world and can excessively keep up with their speed and nonetheless surpass them I stared of potting only 1 plant per 2 time of days and by the end of the day, I was able to plant 2 plants per minuteit was fun and we turned it into a gameI observed the workers fertilizing the plants and he ard the headman tell him that he was applying too much so I made an attempt to fertilize the next batch of plants and was told that I had done a good job Not too much and not too little I felt pleased and proud of myselfI had done better than someone who had much more experience in that field than me.It is funny how one can assume that plant nurturing to be a simple and senseless skill, well I intimate the hard yet arouse way that it is remote from simple and a lot of thought and precision goes into the whole process, from the pot the plant goes into, the climate atm and type of soil that it is planted in. I have learned from this experience that it is possible to push myself a bit further when trying to accomplish a certain task in a given amount of time, I have learned that I am far more patient than I thought and most importantly I have learned that I personally stress myself over minor issues instead of taking time to breathe, relax and find a solution for it through this I have come to the conclusion that I should find more time to clear my mind and possibly do something that I find interesting, productive and selfless to release my stresses of life. I have learned that even though I am an introvert, working with people is not that bad after all it righteous takes getting used to them and knowing how to work to suit all their different personalities. I also learned that working with other people really helps to get more work done faster.I honestly can say that I enjoyed the interaction with people who were not of my norm I enjoyed the whole nurture about new trees and their fruits,smells, blooming and reproduction time. I enjoyed planting and reposting plants and most importantly I enjoyed the see to it of the surroundings. This endeavour was a challenging one in terms of patience and precision but in the end it all paid off, because I was blessed with the opportunity to enhance my gardening skills and was given the opportunity to be social with people who I would normally be afraid to talk to or even be around.Before transposing myself into the real life community service equation, I thought to myself and made an cuss to myself that my main aim was to simple complete my thirty hours of community service as fast and as soon as possible, but after starting and observing the nursery, I realized that it would provide me with far more knowledge and far more fun and experience than I expected and I realized that it would be in my best interest to use it to my advantage to gain a greater skill.I believe that service to others is important because it is a good way to give back to the community and also to increase ones level of experience and variation. I believe in my distant time to come I would once again volunteer my time to another estate to expand my comprehension and also to help improve my community and help improve myself as a person. The people at the St. Rose Nursery are very hospital and down to earth, to the point wh ere I can honestly say that there is nothing I would change about their mannerism.To potential volunteers, I would like to advice them to go into the experience open minded and willing to learn. I would also suggest that they find something that is within their comfort regularize or something at that they at least have a strong interest in learning or have a passion for, simply because if one does something that they do not like or will not like, then they will not enjoy the experience to the fullest and similarly if one does something that seemed interesting to them before they actually partook in it, then they would draw from that experience that it is simply not something they would like to do in the future and would have learned a valuable lesson.

Saturday, April 13, 2019

Persuasive Speech Essay Example for Free

cogent Speech EssayMr. Byrne Persuasive Speech Imagine that you trained all your life for that special bite of playing in your first NHL game. At the beginning of your first shift in the game all at once another players stick comes up and strikes you in the eye. This incident ends your career. This could put up been delayed if you wore a visor. I think visors should be mandatory in the NHL in order to improve a players safety. Statistics have proven players who wear visors in the NHL play less aggressive. There are many incidents involving sticks and pucks discharge into players faces. A recent incident occurred between Philadelphias Chris Pronger and Torontos Mikhail Grabovski. Furthermore, two days ago a former NHL player Brad May, Gave a speech supporting the use of visors. Visors have been proven to improve a players play and helped players become less aggressive. From the 2010-2011 to the 2011-2012 there has been a 10% increase in the totality of players wearing a vi sor. Players in the NHL are starting to carry through how important visors are.Rutgers University did a survey to find out if players played less aggressive when wearing a visor. This survey was conducted after the 2000-2001 season and the Universitys theory was correct. According to the study done the average amount of penalty proceeding that a player wearing a visor had were 30 penalty minutes while players not wearing a visor had 50 penalty minutes. Wearing visors help prevent horrible face injuries. On October 24th, 2011 the Toronto Maple Leafs were playing the Philadelphia Flyers in a regular season game.Torontos Mikhail Grabovski and Philadelphias Chris Pronger were involved in a frightening incident. During the first period, Mikhail Grabovski was waiting for his teammate to pass him the puck, He took a shot on net, but the goaltender stopped it. What Mikhail didnt realize is that on his follow through he nailed Chris Pronger on the corner of his eye. Chris Pronger skated of f the ice screaming in pain. Bob Mackenzie, a broadcaster from TSN said that Chris Pronger would of have been free of injury if he had worn wore a visor. Players themselves are speaking ut in support of visors being mandatory. In 2009, Brad May, a former NHL player of the Detroit Red fly gave a speech in favor of players wearing visors.

Thursday, April 11, 2019

Cultural Competency Essay Example for Free

Cultural Competency EssayCultural competency is defined a set of personal and faculty member skills required for increasing judgment and appreciation of cultural differences. Actually, becoming culturally competent is a developmental process taking lots of time. Cultural competence helps to shape behavioral patents as well as it affects health c be delivery. Culturally competent pharmaceutical providers should appreciate family ties and exonerate that family and behavioral values are determined by peculiarities of culture.Apparently, cultural competence relates to pharmacy, because it suggests pharmaceutical provider-customer relations consequence that health care providers should find individual approach to every patient requiring treatment. The goals of cultural competence are to increase cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skills and cultural encounters. Cultural differences should be appreciated and accepted and, in that respectfore, it is essential to see k out new world views of diseases and medicines.Cultural knowledge helps pharmacy to promote better understanding between cultural groups. Cultural competence promotes assessing patient without relying only on written facts. It means that there is a need to find another perspective, to reduce resistance and defensiveness and to acknowledge interactive mistakes. Pharmacy suggests skirmish and working directly with people of different cultures and, thus, developing cultural competency helps to dispel stereotypes and to contradict academic knowledge. Pharmacy requires gathering cultural knowledge which is often neglected.Cultural competency welcomes cooperation and collaboration instead of bruise other cultures perspectives. For example, physicians belong to cultural group possessing their own beliefs, customs, practices and rituals. This includes definitions of illness and health, systematic approaches, compliance, taproom through annual exams, the superiority of technology, etc. T herefore, cultural competency plays crucial role in medicine. workings Cited Spector, R. Cultural Diversity in Health and Illness. Stamford, CT Appleton Lange, 1996.

Wednesday, April 10, 2019

Sufism & Its Effects On Islamic Culture Essay Example for Free

Sufism Its Effects On Islamic Culture EssaySufism is the pilgrimage and the realization of truth, and a Sufi, is the seeker of truth (Janghda, 144). therefore, in order to understand the lives of Sufis and their contri saveion to Islam, one mustiness first comprehend the import of Sufism. Sufism is the spiritual practice by which one can achieve supreme spiritual gratification. The term Sufism has been derived from dis same words, such as Safa which means pure and Saff which means high in rank (All About Religion). All these meanings have one thing in common which is also probable by the looks of a Sufi, uniqueness. That Sufis do non fit the general perception of a man or woman, they were people who gave up the worlds material belongings and its luxuries to explore the inner self. peerless must live in the world, not be of the world, Jamal ad-Din al-Rumi. Love is the basis of Sufism, like almost of the religions of this world and the core objective of Sufism is to find the oneness. A Sufi must realize that God exists everywhere, as the creator and the creation. Tasawwuf is a practice in Sufism in which one purifies oneself by the remembrance and obedience of God.It is the thoroughgoing(a) detachment from the worldly issues and devoting your mind, body and reason to God. This practice is similar to conventional Islamic practices such as zikr and prayer. Thus to achieve a status of a Sufi, one must go through some levels, such as killing your ego, brea exponent away from the material wants and loving everything, as all is created by God. Sufism has no boundaries as it a spiritual religion it seeks truth through divinity and not sections. instead of mentors or preachers who have learned about religion through people, a Sufi seeks his own answers.There atomic number 18 no value of favoritism and preference, all creations are equal. Sufism is not just a religion, it is a way of thinking and a lifestyle, and thus one must be open-minded, tolerant and humble to scratching the journey. Without these traits one cannot achieve spiritual enlightenment. Therefore, most of the surface known Sufis that have passed have known to not conform to the society they reside in, providing knowledge about Islamic mysticism to their people through poems, stories and various texts which are still enchanting and informing people till this day (Arbery, 15).Farid ud-Din atar was a similar mystic, born in the city of Nishapur in Iran and also buried in a tomb in Nishapur (The Free Dictionary). Although he lived over centuries ago but some of atars works are still read and appreciated even now. His name Attar, meant herbalist who was also his profession, as he was a well-known medic. He would see hundreds of patients daily, prescribing herbal medicines that he himself prepared to his patients. In his days of youth, he travelled comprehensively through Egypt, Damascus and even performed pilgrimage at Mecca in search for wisdom.After a long journe y, Attar came back to his hometown and embarked on his Sufi journey. During this time, Attar wrote tremendous texts but his most well known is Maqamat-e Toyur (The Conference of the Birds). Attars ability to look beyond the texts and find a deeper meaning in not just readings but in every daily doings made him a better author and poet, his teachings and poems still are relevant for that alone reason. Attar passed away in centenarian age, even though the details of his death are weary but a traditional baloney does narrate the demise of Attar.In this folk tale, Attar had been made a prisoner by the Mongolian when they invaded Nishapur. During that time, an unknown person came to the Mongol king and offered a thousand pieces of silver in turn of Attars freedom. When Attar hear this, he recommended the king to not take such a ransom, and the king did just that in greed. Later, another man came to the emperor and offered him a bundle of straws in exchange of Attars freedom, to which Attar advised the king to take the offer, as that is what he was worth.When the Mongol king heard this, he decapitated Attar in anger (Arbery, 74). The authenticity of this tale is not important but the message it has is very valuable. It shows that a man of such knowledge of religion, mysticism and medicine, thought of himself as completely worthy of a bundle of straws rather than thousand pieces of silver. Therefore, a Sufi must be self-less to wee the truth. The truth is that the body of a person is just a shell, in which the soul resides, a soul that mirrors God. Even if you kill the body, which is of no value, the soul will live on forever.

Monday, April 8, 2019

Rmsa Essay Example for Free

Rmsa EssayWith the liberalization and globalization of the Indian economy, the rapid changes witnessed in scientific and technological world and the general accept to improve the quality of life and to reduce poverty, it is essential that schooltime leavers acquire a higher level of knowledge and skills than what they are provided in the 8 years of chief(a) teaching method, particularly when the average earning of a junior-grade school certificate holder is significantly higher than that of a person who has studied only up to class VIII. It is also necessary that besides general education up to secondary level, opportunities for improvement of vocational knowledge and skill should be provided at the higher secondary level to enable some students to be employable. 1. 1. 4. Since universalisation of elementary education has become a Constitutional mandate, it is absolutely essential to push this vision forward to move towards Universalisation of secondary education, which has already been achieved in a coarse number of developed countries and several developing countries. Paras 5. 13 5. 15 of the National Policy on information NPE), 1986 (as modified in 1992) deal with Secondary reproduction. Para 5. 13 of the NPE, inter- alia, utter that Access to Secondary Education will be widened with emphasis on enrolment of girls, SCs and STs, particularly in science, commerce and vocational streams. Vocationalization by specialized institutions or through the re-fashioning of secondary education will, at this stage, provide valuable manpower for economic growth. Page 1 of 65 1. 1. 5. Honble Prime Minister in his Independence Day Speech, 2007 has inter-alia stated that, We are setting out a goal of universalizing secondary education.This is clearly the nest step afterward universalizing elementary education. While the goal is laudable much work needs to be done in the beginning we are in a position to dump the Scheme for Universalisation of Access for Seco ndary Education (SUCCESS). Its detail need to be quickly spelt out and discussed with States so that we are fully ready to launch it from 2008-09. We must not underestimate the complexity of this task as the principles for universalizing elementary education cannot be advantageously transferred to secondary education.The physical, financial, pedagogical and human resource needs are quite different. We also need to substantiate the role currently being played by the private sector and policy design must factor this in. Detailed strategies and plans would need to be worked out rapidly for each state. Special attention would need to be paid to Districts with SC/ST/OBC/Minority concentrati

Sunday, April 7, 2019

Us History World War II Research Paper Essay Example for Free

Us History realism struggle II Research Paper EssayTechnology played a key routine in monishmining the outcome of macrocosm fight II. The high array demand for more innovational technology acted as a catalyst for the motherment of technology in the interwar age of the 1920s and 1930s. Scientists and Engineers same poured massive amounts of research and ontogeny time into supporting the war effort, and more advanced technology was developed at an alarmingly rapid rate.One notable fact about technology in innovation fight II is that founding War II is the first war in which umteen military attacks were designed specific every(prenominal)y to sabotage the research efforts of the enemies. In the bombing of Peenemunde, the Eighth Air Force punish a bombing run to destroy hydrogen peroxide that was be enforced to fuel the V-2 Rocket. some other example is the Norwegian heavy water sabotage in which a group of Norwegian soldiers finished a heavy water plant to inhi bit the Nazi development of nuclear weapons (heavy water or, deuterium oxide, can be used to produce nuclear weapons).Yet another example is when Niels Bohr, a glorious Danish physicist who understood and even contributed to the discovery of atomic structure, was evacuated from German-controlled Denmark and brought to Britain in 1943. The allies make all of these efforts to deter Nazi Germany from raise developing much-needed technology, and this shows just how authoritative technology and the research of technology was during the War. Al just about any type of technology was utilise in the war, but the most notable technological advances involved volt main categories Weaponry, Industry, Medicine, Communication, and Transportation.More advanced weaponry came in the form of magnetic detonating torpedos, Tank destroyer missile rounds, jet fighters, jet bombers, V1 autopilot bombs, proximity fuzes for shells and rockets, HEAT anti-tank warheads, aiming utilities for guns, and nap alm. 1 Plastic explosion devices much(prenominal) as C2 were overly developed in this time. Still more weapon developments came in the form of industrial advances. Many automobile factories significantly lowered the number of cars being manufactured and focused instead on the creation of guns, tanks, jets, and ammo in order to better support the war effort.The stamping, riveting, and welding of guns were all mod techniques that came into use during human race War II and revolutionized the creation of guns. Design and action methods had advanced enough to manufacture weapons of reasonable dependableness much(prenominal) as the PPSh-41, PPS-42, Sten, MP 40, M3 Grease Gun, Gewehr 43, Thompson, and the M1 Garand rifle. land War II withal marked the daybreak of the semi-automatic rifle, and more importantly, the dawn of the assault rifle. These new rifles were much more accurate than other firearms of their time, and proved curiously lethal.Although modern day military force s dont use the same weapons as they did in World War II, they do becalm use variations of the assault rifle. The idea of the assault rifle developed in World War II has stood the test of time, as assault rifles are still the most powerful form of infantry weaponry due to their balanced weight, firepower, accuracy, and stopping power. In terms of advances in transportation, aircrafts, vehicles, and ships were all tremendously improved. This category of technology was one of the most important factors in determining the outcome of the war. The jeep was invented in World War II.It was used firstly and primarily as a basic pot transport vehicle, although after the war it became popular as a public transportation vehicle too. Tanks were also created not only as a source of extreme firepower, but also as armoured transports. By the end of the war, the allies had developed their own personal brand of tank that transported troops through and through areas under heavy fire with the prot ection of tank armor. These transportation vehicles were integral to the success of the allies in World War II, because without the ability to move troops from point to point, attacks would be weak and disorganized. other noted development pertaining to ground vehicles is the development of synthetic rubber. Previously, all rubber products had been made of natural rubber which was harvested in the south Pacific. During World War II, Japan cut off the U. S. from this supply of rubber which forced the U. S. to develop synthetic rubber. This turned out to be a cheaper and more practical alternative. Synthetic rubber was and still is used in the wheels of cars, as well as many other vehicles. This is just one of many lasting effects World War II has had on the US.Ships were also revolutionized during the World War II era. Naval technology was very poor at the time, but once radar technology was developed, soaring and detection was made much easier for submarine and ship pilots. The in vention of radar was still very new being developed only 2 years prior to the start of World War II. Hours of experimentation and development were poured into enhancing radar technology so that the allied forces could better combat the Nazi fleet. Aircrafts were also made more advanced during World War II.Aviation in general was very new at the time, so optimizing what basic aircrafts we had at the time for battle (by equipping them with guns and bombs) was a challenging feat. Considering the first powered flight had taken place only in 1903, only 40 years in the beginning World War II, both the axis and allied air force engineers had their work cut out for them. Biplanes were the most common planes leading up to the war, and engineers improved them to become stronger, more efficient, and faster. Fighters were developed first, and ran off of a angiotensin converting enzyme engine.They were generally outfitted with a front machine gun and supported one or cardinal pilots. Fighte r jets were not developed until the end of the war, and saw little use on the battlefield because of this. other type of aircraft developed during World War II was the Bomber. These enormous planes were flown deep into enemy territory where they released bombs to process havoc on the enemy below. Bombers often targeted key structures and production facilities to cripple the output of the enemy forces. point more technological advances were made in the field of communication.The invention of the transistor forever changed the way electronics such as electronic ready reckoners and radios worked. Transistors amplify and switch electronic signals. This enabled electronic devices to be manufactured much smaller than before while still being just as (if not more) powerful. Computers that once took up entire dwell could presently fit on a desk. Radios that previously lined a whole wall could now be carried by hand. This revolutionized electronic communication, and made for orders to be given and received quickly on the battlefield. some all modern day technology utilizes transistors. This is yet another example of how the technological advances made in World War II bugger off trickled down to present day. Other technological and engineering feats achieved during, or as a result of, the war include the worlds first programmable computers (Z3, Colossus, and ENIAC), guided missiles, the Manhattan Projects development of nuclear weapons, and the development of artificial harbors and oil pipelines under the English Channel.The furthering of computer technology is by far the most pivotal, though. Computers save up developed even further than radios and televisions. Word processing programs used in the present today have completely trivialized type writers, and the internal processors and software code allows for extremely complex mathematical algorithms to be understand at the touch of a button. However, word processing and mathematics are not the only uses for the computer in the modern day world.Computers are also used for entertainment through video games and online streams, cultivation through online college programs and educational websites, mail through the invention of email, business transactions through the integration of the computer with the cash register, and the free transfer of ideas and news through the Internet. The idea of the computer, though conceived before World War II, blossomed and thrived in the technological boom that was provided by World War II research.Without the research and development performed during World War II, the computer would not be where it is today. These revolutionary advances in communication were not only utilized by the military, but also by the media. Although televisions and radios existed before World War II, they became much more important to the public during the war. News of what was happening on the war front could be conveyed quickly and efficiently passim the nation. Gone were the da ys of delivering information via letters and horseback news spread like wildfire through the use of media.For medical science, World War II was a spur to rapid advances. Newly discovered antibiotics such as penicillin, sulfonamide, and other drugs were rapidly made available for research, manufacture, and distribution. This was all made possible by the presidencys funding and support in coordination with war-time efforts to reduce the number of casualties on the battlefield. These drugs were extremely useful on the front, and saved countless lives of the wounded and the sick.Soldiers who may have previously died of bacterial infection were instead recovered on the spot. The war also showed just how effective the use of psychiatry was on the battlefield. Men who fought on the front lines and experience some of the more gruesome and cruel elements of war were sent to war-time psychiatrists and could often upshot to the battlefield without going insane. This psychiatry provided bef ore and after battles also greatly reduced the number of pip traumatic stress disorder victims there were as a result of World War II.Another revolutionary technique, the extraction and storing of inventory and rent plasma resulted in the saving of lives. Downed soldiers who lost fatal amounts of blood were be saved via blood transfusions. This was important, as many soldiers were often shot in non-fatal areas but died because of blood loss. However, with the option to transfuse blood into gunshot victims, many lives were saved. This was a pivotal moment for medics on the battlefield, as fewer soldiers died by bleeding out.Many of these discoveries in blood transfusion were later adapted for peacetime usage. affinity transfusions are used every day at hospitals across the country in order to save lives, and the technology developed in World War II has only developed even further since then. Blood can now be screened for viruses such as HIV/AIDS to ensure the recipient of the tr ansfusions will not be infected. Blood donation is very common at places of employment and sometimes even schools. There is even a blood drive every year at De La SalleHowever medicine and blood transfusions were not the only medical improvements made in World War II. Medical education in the United States accelerated during the war years. The training of wartime doctors consisted of three intense years of twelve months each instead of the usual four years of nine months each. U. S. medical schools geared up to produce physicians needed for the war effort more quickly. This ensured that there would never be a dearth of medics on the battlefield so that casualties could be minimized.Many different forms of technology were developed during World War II, and almost all of them contributed in one way or another to the war. Whether it was new forms of transportation being discovered, new medicines being researched, new methods of communication being utilized, new weapons being manufactu red, or new production methods in factories being used to revolutionize industry, every form of technology developed during the war has influenced rescript in some way today.

Saturday, April 6, 2019

Analysis of the poem Essay Example for Free

Analysis of the poem EssayThe poem sooner by Carol Ann Duffy talks about the issue of culture identity. The poem talks about change, memories, and fretfulness which pass offs when moving. This is conveyed finished the experiences of a young girl in the poem who is reluctant to leave what she k straightaways behind. This is made observable through the theme of memory and the continual change of setting. The title Originally sets the tone for the poem as there change needs to occur for there to be an original. This choice of diction allows for an expectation for what the tour will be about, while the ambiguity of the poem is written in such a federal agency that personal experiences can be projected upon the lifter. The aspect of the poem through tone however creates a bias towards negative emotions and experiences due to the despondent tone passim the first two stanzas. This glory of acquittance is aided through the purpose of negative emotive diction such as bawling and resigned.By showing that the patrons brothers are crying, Duffy illustrates how hard this is for them as crying is usually lone(prenominal) brought on by study or sad events and loss, resigned is used to show how she has accepted her fate, but it doesnt mean she likes it. This association of emotions with the diction allows for empathy to occur towards the protagonist and her unsure feelings about her exile. The theme of cultural identity is used in the poem in order to instil a sense of non belonging.This feeling of self-consciousness and unhappiness is introduced through the use of bawling as this change from the do where they are comfortable and belong to the new one is twain painful and confusing for them. The use of italics however, in the repetition of Home as well as the capitalization of it, emphasises its importance to them and their desire to return to it. The use of a blind toy by Duffy can be used as a metaphor towards the protagonists new life, where, altho ugh the toy is blind, it still has eyes.The foreshadowing could be that when the protagonist moves she will be blinded by everything which is new so that she doesnt become overwhelmed by it. She will bide to be blind to the beauty of her new home so long as she is yearning for her older one. However, once she is ready her sight will return and she will start to forget her cultural identity. At the time, the girl doesnt want this however, so she is clinging onto a toy to maintain her memories of home. Additionally, a toy is associated with childhood, so the clinging onto it may represent how she doesnt want to grow up and leave her comforts behind.By saying in the routine stanza that all childhood is emigration, Duffy allows for immediate relation to the protagonists situation. This is due to the journey of growing up to adulthood which is a worldwide experience, as well as referring to physical emigration of moving from one place to another. Improtantly however, the emigration o f childhood is all made without the acceptance of the person moving, they cannot stop growing older, and parents make the ultimate decisions. This unease and the inability to come across the need to move is beef up by the location of her new home where no one you know stays. This introduces the tone of isolation which is reinforced by having the wrong accent, and shouting words you dont understand which immediately marks a person as being from a different area, even though the move could induce been within the same country of city, the accent and slang changes. The introduction of big boys shows that she is frighten by people from the area who are older and bigger as she doesnt know how they will react, this is reinforced by the alliteration present through the repetition of the hard d, continuing the feeling of intimidation which the protagonist encounters.A continuation of the alliteration in sibilance, seeing your brother swallow a slug, feel only a skelf of shame, provides a n insight that the protagonist is passably proud of her brothers for adapting so well to the environment, which is then applied to herself in a continuation of sibilance in combination with a simile in that she remembers (her) tongue shedding its grate like a snake, my voice in the classroom sounding just like the rest. This shows that she is also now adapting to her environment, reinforced by the fact that a shed skin is natural for a snake, and this adaptation is normal, although slightly unwanted. The last stanzas change in tone shows how the protagonist has changed with age. This allows for a time skip to take place into a time when she is more mature and able to reflect upon the journey easily, although with some regret. This is expressed through rhetorical questions beginning with the use of Do I only think, in line 20, which builds up an atmosphere of longing and wistfulness.There is also a tone of uncertainty in there, as she doesnt know if she had remained in the place if the feelings of belonging would have remained, which is why she only questions and doesnt outright believe that staying would have been the best alternative for her. The rhyming of the words first space and right place reinforces the doubt she feels about her cultural identity. The act doubt of the protagonists cultural identity which occurs in lines 23 and 24, illustrates how she will continue to try and find the answers throughout her life as she will never be truly certain of who she is, creating a sense of not belonging.Although emigration is a hard thing to experience, Duffy illustrates that trying to maintain a cultural identity through such a process may cause problems later. The continued rejection of the new culture illustrates how much of an alien it makes the protagonist feel later in life, which could have been avoided if it had been readily embraced. The place which she originates from will always have a draw, however, the acceptance of a new culture viewed as a new part of a personal culture, would be much easier to accept than a replacement to the old one.

Obesity and Gastric Bypass Surgery Essay Example for Free

fleshiness and Gastric Bypass Surgery EssayIn this paper I will discuss an denomination from the Seattle Press written by Associated Press Medical Writer Lindsay Tanner. I will discuss the statistical procedures used in the study and provide an analysis of the conclusions both the researchers and the reporter drew from the study results to deliberate the statistical signifi elicitce of the data presented. The hold explains the research of Dr. Sayeed Ikramuddin of the department of surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis and his colleagues relating to bariatric surgery its potential role in glycemic control in type two diabetics. Irkamuddin states that at 12 months, the primary goal was considered successful if patients achieved the coordination compound of the triple endpoint HbA1c of slight than 7. 0%, an LDL cholesterol level of less than 100 mg/dL, and systolic blood pressure of less than 130 mmHg at the 12-month visit (2013, p. 2242). The study was conducted at quartet sites, including New York, Minnesota, and two hospitals in Taiwan and lasted 12 months.Patients with mild to moderate obesity and adult-onset diabetes mellitus were offered a unornamented intensive intervention and recruited using mass media advertisements, practice-based databases and contact with professional congregations, leading to an unblinded randomized theme subsequently screening 2648 candidates. Body mass index in participants ranged from 30. 0 to 39. 9, with a mean of 34. 6. The study participants had been diagnosed with diabetes for a mean of 9. 0 years.The intensive intervention included lifestyle modification with daily caloric intake counts, increased bodily activity, daily slants and counseling sessions, and intensive medical centering including close supervise and preaching from doctors with medications for cholesterol, blood pressure, and glycemic control. Sixty of these participants were randomly selected to receive Roux-en-Y gastric belt mode surgery. Two of the participants selected declined to moderate the surgery, and two others were randomly selected to undergo the procedure.These patients continued to receive the same intensive intervention during the entire 12 months. The frequence of sessions and monitoring decreased for both conferences during the study period as planned, going from weekly to monthly over the physique of the study. The author of the newspaper article summarizes the studys results by stating, The surgery group alienated on average nearly 60 pounds and 75% lowered blood glucose levels to normal or near-normal levels. The non-surgery group lost on average 17 pounds and just 30% reached the blood-sugar goal.The surgery group also needed less medication after the operation (Tanner, 2013, p. 2). The last portion of this statement is misleading as the study evaluates and considers sole(prenominal) medications to manage blood glucose levels, dyslipidemia, and hypertension (Ikramuddin, 2013, p. 2245 ). The study reports, Patients who underwent gastric bypass surgery experienced 50% more than stern and 55% more nonserious adverse events than did those in the lifestyle-medical management group (Ikramuddin et al. , 2013, p. 2248).It is important to consider the frequency and rate of adverse events, in addition to classification of such data. interrogationers also state that the surgical group took 66% fewer medications than the nonsurgical group. The most common adverse event in the surgical group that was not considered peri- or late post-operative was nutritional deficiencies, especially iron and vitamin B levels, requiring treatment with medications and supplements. Nutritional deficiencies be often long-term and require frequent monitoring and dose adjustment.Because of the time limitations of the study and the relatively atrophied sample size, long-term cardiovascular and nutritional effects of bariatric surgery in the mild to moderately corpulent population for glycemi c control remains to be determined. Both the study and the newspaper article assert that in that respect is no conclusive evidence on long-term effects when bariatric surgery is used in coincidence with lifestyle and medical management for glycemic control on mild to moderately obese patients.Other serious adverse events documented and considered by the authors of the study included motor vehicle accidents and pancreatic cancer, both of which occurred in the medical management group, decreasing the difference between the medical management group and the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass group. Pregnancy was considered as well. The total number of serious adverse events was 15 for the medical management group and 22 for the surgical group. The study does not discuss or measure in any way the adherence of participants to the intensive intervention in either group.Patients adherence to recommended regimen including decreased caloric intake, recommended physical activity, and medication compli ance is a variable that was not assessed by Ikramuddin and his colleagues during the study, limiting its scope. In general, the newspaper article correctly interprets the statistics and draws conclusions from this study appropriately. The surgical group tended to have less hypertension and elevated LDL cholesterol levels, but this data lacks statistical significance. Tanner stated in the newspaper article those between-group differences could have been imputable to chance (2013, p. ). The study states a confidence interval of 95%, which correlates with a 0. 05 significance level. Many of the determine representing these measures were marginally different. Many other studies have reported effects on these values as soul variables. There are many other factors involved in cholesterol and blood pressure management that must be identified and considered before drawing conclusions on such data. This study was very expand and presented a large amount of data. Despite this, the overall conclusions of the newspaper article were accurate in analogy to the data.The newspaper article summarized the conclusions of the researchers appropriately. The statistics representing HbA1c as part of the composite endpoint are reliant on weight loss and can be primarily attributed to this factor (Ikramuddin et al. , 2013, p. 2240). The newspaper article states, The researchers say the diabetes changes were likely payable to the weight loss but that hormonal changes affecting blood sugar may have contributed (Tanner, 2013, p 2). This was determined by using regressive analyses of the available data.The study suggests that altered gastrointestinal hormone secretion as well as differences in individual medication use during the study may have attributed to the results, but acknowledges that the study lacks the data to determine this. By going to the source of news-reported statistical studies, the reader can evaluate the statistical significance of the data and determine if the dat a were presented accurately and if the conclusions drawn are reliable. Research and comprehension of data and statistical significance is essential to best evidence-based practice in the field of care for and beyond.

Friday, April 5, 2019

Constructivist Theory of Knowledge in the Curriculum

Constructivist conjecture of Knowledge in the Curriculum1. The Constructivist Theory of KnowledgeThis theory has emerged from psychological theories around human teaching and friendship acquisition. indoors this theory, the main preposition is that populate construct association and infer meaning to concepts by experience. It is a theory which is princip each(prenominal)y credited to jean Piaget, who used scientific data to prove that the theory was of some validity. In relation to education, constructivist theories have had a signifi arouset impact on pedagogy, even though constructivism is non a pedagogy in and of itself.Within constructivism, the idea is that people respond to cutting intimacy by versedising it and accommodating this knowledge into their existing internal schema, the personal constructs of meaning and understanding that are unique to them. This explains one of the blusher facets of constructivism as applied to knowledge acquisition, that learners le arn individually, and their knowledge is individually constructed and, arguably, unique to them. Therefore, discipline is derived from sensory input from which the learner constructs knowledge. This seems rather simplistic, exclusively runs counter to a number of previous theories, particularly the long-standing belief that knowledge is customary, because instead the learner essential engage with the world or their social context or environment in some way, in order to learn.In constructivism, theorists posit that learners learn as they learn, in that while they are attainment knew knowledge they are scholarship on m whatever levels, ab fall step to the fore more than just the facts they are acquiring1. For example, if the student is learning about contrasting materials, such as wood, plastic and metal, they are learning about the nature of these substances, besides similarly they are expanding their vocabulary, learning what these substances look and feel like, and, are al so processing examples of how these materials are used, and why. Applying this knowledge to their social world allows them to test their new understandings and to see what elements of their environment are constructed out of these unlike materials. The saying of meaning is a mental process which is enhanced by physical activities2, but cognitive exponentiation with learning is key. In constructivism, learners are central to the learning process, not the knowledge they are required to acquire. acquirement is both contextual and social, and so in primary science, for example, collaborative activities and experiments engage learners socially as intumesce as individually. Learners need time to learn, but they also need opportunities to review and revisit the new knowledge, as it becomes internalised and takes its place as a relieve oneselfing block for further learning.Primary science teaching appears to equip rattling well with this approach to understanding learning, because i t builds from initial concepts and exploratory activities into more multiplex activities. As time progresses, the plan is designed to revisit knowledge on several occasions, and to put that knowledge into practice. How far this kit and caboodle for primary science, however, may depend on a number of factors3. This does seem to be a very constructivist approach, and while it contrives well in primary science, this author wonders if there are other subjects which office not so easily suit constructivist explanations of learning. As a practical subject, science at all levels allows students to take more control of their learning experiences4 and to engage fully with new knowledge5. However, this theory also acknowledges that learning requires a degree of motivation, and this may be the biggest challenge to any educator6.2. Discuss the issue of cash advance in a childs learning in the context of a critique of the materials and properties strand of the bailiwick curriculum and the associated QCA schemes of work.The notion of progression builds upon issues of constructivism by starting what appears to be a cascade of learning through directed activities. The guidance for the materials and properties strand of the curriculum, particularly espoused in the QCA schemes of work, seem to start with an initial encounter with key concepts, such as the nature of materials, through focused activities7. For example, children in reception to Year 1 dexterity be asked to identify types of materials, such as glass, wood, metal, and discuss the ways in which these are used, such as, windows are usually made of glass, or doors are usually made of wood. This knowledge is then built on later on in their learning process by learning more in head about the properties of these different types of materials, through new information, and testing that information to learn about the properties under investigation. For example, learning about stretchiness would allow students to unde rstand both the concept and the kinds of materials which display this airscrew, whilst also acquiring the new knowledge of different terms and their application.So progression of learning requires the student to understand what a property is, and the kinds of words used to describe and to explore it. The learning process challenges the student to ask questions about different properties, and then, through these answers, to apply these concepts to other materials and their properties. Progression is thus based on the student engaging at all stages, and only once the student has grasped initial concepts base they move on to the testing of those concepts in more and more detail. However, the challenge of basing a curriculum and set schemes of work on this concept of modernized learning, in this case, is that all students do not learn at the same rates, and therefore the progression of the split may be limited to the speed of the slowest student rather than responding to individual learning. However, this approach also allows students to not only revisit knowledge but to simultaneously signpost their learning8, which may help build confidence, self-esteem and self-efficacy. The continuous programme of study that is the National Curriculum aims to ensure progression from primary to utility(prenominal) school, in particularly, is less marked and more straightforward, although this is not the case for many educators. However, in principle, within science, the curriculum allows students to acquire the unplumbed understandings necessary to advance to more complex science and scientific investigation.3. How does the re information of concepts of induction affect a teachers approach to progression and assessment of pupils understanding in Sc1?Concepts of evidence is a fundamental scientific principle in relation to the acquisition of any kind of real scientific knowledge and understanding. Every part of the progression from S1 requires that students can recognise and work with evidence acquired from practical activities9, such as information gathering, observation and recording of these observations, and experimentation10. Experimental and investigative work in this subject, at this level, requires students to engage in the following kinds of activities planning investigations deciding what to change, what to keep the same and what to measure deciding whether a fair semblance was made and using results to draw conclusions11. These require students to have internalised what constitutes evidence in scientific studies. However, in science, cognition and learning, and in particular, reasoning, is characteristically different than in other subjects, because this reasoning is carried out using evidence. nurture to work scientifically relates to a rage of concepts of evidence, which might include the purpose of observation, and how to carry out observation for specific reasons, recognising what constitutes a scientific question that can practical ly be investigated through trustworthy scientific processes, the need to carry out multiple measurements, and the need to develop through these new skills in carrying out measurement processes, and different ways of recording data and presenting findings. It also involves understanding different kinds of experiments and the kinds of results that can be gained from these. However, these kinds of concepts must be learned from engaging in practical activities, and in relation to progression from Sc1, understanding the principles of scientific activities must be demonstrated through carrying out the activities and working through these to execute specific goals. This runs somewhat counter to the notion of individual learning, however.However, it is not enough that students can carry out the activity required, because they need to be able to see beyond establishing facts and look for alternative explanations or interpretations to expatiate their evidence. Not only must they be able to frame their investigations in the right language, and bring the right kinds of questions12, they also need to be able to learn how to make robust measurements, with support and input. What this demonstrates is that it is not enough for students to learn superficially how to do an experiment, and how to record results. For students to progress, they need to be able to discuss observations and inference, questions and areas of investigation, and the different ways to produce evidence to explain relationships or causality. And the literature does show that even young children can develop these kinds of capabilities, if they are properly supported. Therefore, the modern approach to science education where knowledge acquisition appears to be fully constructivist, particularly in relation to testing of ideas and principles, appears well suited to students developing key scientific skills, which at the next stage of their education form the basis for deeper understanding and manipulation of more complex and challenging tests and variables. Yet it could also be argued that to teach almost by rote, by following the schemes of work set out by the QCA and DfES is also to stifle individuality in learning, because not all students leave behind grasp these concepts at the same time, or even in the same ways. experience is about universal laws and the testing of theories13, but in order to allow students to develop a true understanding of elementary principles14, perhaps it is time for educators themselves to reconsider what are their concepts of evidence for readiness to progress to the next level.ReferencesGibson, J. (1998). Any questions any answer? Primary Science Review, 51, 20-21.Gott, R. and Johnson, P. (1999) Science in schools times to pause for thought? School Science Review81(295) 21 -28Gunstone, R.F. and Mitchell, I.J. (2005) Metacognition and Conceptual Change Teaching Science for Understanding 133-163Hollins, W. Whitby, V. (1998). Progression in Primary S cience. majuscule Britain David Fulton Publishers.Johnson, P. and Gott, R. (1996) Constructivism and Evidence from Childrens Ideas. Science education 80(5) 561-577.Osborne, J. and Simon, S. (1996) Primary Science Past and Future Directions Studies in Science Education 26 99-147Paivi, T. (1999) Towards expert knowledge? A comparison between a constructivist and a traditional learning environment in the university International Journal of Educational Research31 (5) 357-442.QCA/DfES (2008) http//www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/schemes2/science/sci3c/sci3cq2?view=getAccesed 23-10-08Reinhartz, J. Beach, D. M. (1997). Teaching and instruction in the Elementary School Focus on Curriculum. New Jersey Prentice-Hall.Shepardson, D. P. (1997). Butterflies and beetles first graders ways of beholding and talking about insect life cycles. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 34(9) 876-889.So, W. M. W. Cheng, M. H. M. (2001). To facilitate the breeding of multiple intelligences among primary s tudents through science projects. Asia-Pacific Forum on Science Learning and Teaching, 2(1), Article 4. ready(prenominal) at http//www.ied.edu.hk/apfslt/v2_issue1/sow/. Accessed 23-10-08.Watts, M., Barber, B., Alsop, S. (1997). Childrens questions in the classroom, Primary Science Review, 49, 6-8.White, R. and Gunstone, R. (1992). Probing Understanding. London Falmer Press.1Footnotes1 Paivi, T. (1999)2 Shepardson, D. P. (1997).3 Gott, R. and Johnson, P. (1999)4 Gibson, J. (1998). p 20.5 White, R. and Gunstone, R. (1992).6 Reinhartz, J. Beach, D. M. (1997).7QCA/DfES (2008)8 Gunstone, R.F. and Mitchell, I.J. (2005)9 Hollins, W. Whitby, V. (1998)10 So, W. M. W. Cheng, M. H. M. (2001).11 QCA/DfES (ibid).12 Watts, M., Barber, B., Alsop, S. (1997).13 Osborne, J. and Simon, S. (1996)14 Johnson, P. and Gott, R. (1996)